Benzimidazoles and analogs thereof as antivirals

ABSTRACT

Provided are compounds of the formula:  
                 
         wherein R N1  is a substituent of formula G 1 -NX 1 X 2 , wherein G 1  is an optionally further substituted alkylene, which optionally forms, together with R N2 , a cyclic group, and each of X 1  and X 2  is independently H or an N-substituent, or X 1  and X 2  together form a heterocyclic ring, or X 1  together with G 1  forms a cyclic group and X 2  is H or an N-substituent; and each of Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3  and Z 4  is H or a substituent, or two of Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3  and Z 4  together form an optionally substituted ring, and further wherein at least one of Z 1 , Z 2 , Z 3  and Z 4  is other than H, and salts thereof, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of using the compounds. The compounds have antiviral activity.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) fromprovisional application 60/430,495, filed Dec. 3, 2002, the entirecontents being expressly incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to benzimidazole derivatives having antiviralactivity, to compositions of matter comprising the same, and toantiviral methods of using the same. The invention also contemplatesassays and diagnostic methods employing benzimidazole derivativesaccording to the invention. In some embodiments, there are providedanti-HCV benzimidazoles.

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatoptropic, plus (+) strand RNA virusthat presents a major threat to human health, infecting an estimated 170million people worldwide. Acute HCV infection often leads to persistentinfection, resulting in damage to the liver. Typical forms of liverdamage caused by HCV include cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis and livercarcinoma. Less than 50% of patients respond to the current standardtreatment, which is alpha interferon, alone or in combination withribavirin. Accordingly, there has been intense interest in developingmore efficacious anti-HCV drugs. It has been shown that the5′-nontranslated region (5′-NTR) of the +RNA contains an internalribosome entry site (IRES), which directs cap-independent initiation ofvirus translation. Furthermore, certain portions of the IRES element areessential for the HCV replication process. The IRES would appear to be agood target for antiviral compounds. Detailed descriptions of the HCVIRES and its functions have been presented, e.g. by Honda et al., inJournal of Virology, 73(2), 1165-74 (1999) (incorporated herein byreference, especially page 1166, Materials and Methods), and Kim, et al.in Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 290, 105-112, (2002).

The activity of putative HCV IRES binding molecules can be measuredusing an HCV replicon per, e.g., the teaching of Lohmann et al. inScience, 285, 110-113 (1999) (incorporated herein by reference,especially page 111, FIG. 1 and legend thereof) and Yi, et al. inVirology, 304, 197-210 (2002).

Given the high infection rate of HCV worldwide, and given the relativelylow efficacy of the standard therapeutic methods, there is a need foranti-HCV compounds, e.g. for use in HCV assays and anti-HCV prophylacticand therapeutic applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The foregoing and further needs are met by embodiments of the presentinvention, which provide anti-HCV compounds, compositions and methods ofuse. In some embodiments, there are provided compounds having anti-HCVactivity as evinced by activity in the replicon assay as taught by Lemonet al., supra. In other embodiments, there are provided compositionscomprising anti-HCV compounds, said compositions comprising an anti-HCVcompound according to the present disclosure in admixture with one ormore additives, e.g. diluents, excipients, adjuvants, etc. The presentinvention also provides methods of using anti-HCV compounds as describedin more detail herein, said methods being directed toward attenuatingexpression of HCV RNA in vitro. The present invention also providesmethods of using anti-HCV compounds as described in more detail herein,said methods being directed toward attenuating HCV in vivo. Someembodiments of the present invention provide compounds that inhibit HCVin the Lohman et al. replicon assay with IC₅₀ values in the lowmicromolar concentrations.

The present invention provides compounds having antiviral, and inparticular anti-HCV activity. The present invention also providescompositions containing compounds of the formula 1:

wherein R^(N1) is a substituent of formula G¹-NX¹X², wherein G¹ is anoptionally further substituted alkylene, which optionally forms,together with R^(N2), a cyclo ring fused to the imidazolo ring of thebenzimidazole, and each of X¹ and X² is independently H or anN-substituent, or X¹ and X² together form a heterocyclic ring, or X¹together with G¹ forms a cyclic group and X² is H or an N-substituent;and each of Z¹, Z², Z³ and Z⁴ is H or a substituent, or two of Z¹, Z²,Z³ and Z⁴ together form an optionally substituted ring, and furtherwherein at least one of Z¹, Z², Z³ and Z⁴ is other than H. In someembodiments, compounds and compositions according to the presentinvention demonstrate HCV replicon assay IC₅₀ values in the lowmicromolar range.

The present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions andmethods of using the subject compounds as anti-HCV agents. In someembodiments, compounds of the invention may be used in HCV assays, inassays for measuring the relative efficacy of anti-HCV compounds or fortreatment of HCV infection in vivo.

Methods for making the compounds of the invention are also disclosed.Other uses and advantages of embodiments of the present invention willbe apparent to the person skilled in the art upon consideration of thedisclosure, drawings and claims attached.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a bar graph of concentration of tested compounds in thepresented tissues.

FIG. 2 is a graph of plasma concentration over time for the compoundhaving designation IBIS00528637, according to the depicted chemicalstructure. This graph further differentiates between routes ofadministration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Provided are compounds of the formula:

wherein R^(N1) is a substituent of formula G¹-NX¹X², wherein G¹ is anoptionally further substituted alkylene, which optionally forms,together with R^(N2), a cyclic group, and each of X¹ and X² isindependently H or an N-substituent, or X¹ and X² together form aheterocyclic ring, or X¹ together with G¹ forms a cyclic group and X² isH or an N-substituent; and each of Z¹, Z², Z³ and Z⁴ is H or asubstituent, and wherein at least one of Z¹, Z², Z³ and Z⁴ is other thanH.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compounds of formulaA:

wherein each of R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or asubstituent, or together R^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that isoptionally further substituted with one or more substituents; each ofR^(N5) is H or a substituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N5) and R^(N6) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compounds of formulaB:

wherein R^(N3) is H, a substituent, or together with the N to which itis attached forms guanidine, amidine, a substituted guanidine, or asubstituted amidine; R^(N4) is H, a substituent, or together with the Nto which it is attached forms guanidine, amidine, a substitutedguanidine, or a substituted amidine; or together R^(N3) and R^(N4) forma cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one or moresubstituents; each of R^(N5) is H or a substituent, R^(N6) is H or asubstituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6) form a cyclic moiety that isoptionally further substituted with one or more substituents.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compounds of formulaC:

wherein Ak is C₁-C₆ alkylene, which is optionally further substituted;R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; each of R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compounds of formulaD:

wherein Ak is C₁-C₆ alkylene, which is optionally further substituted;R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; each of R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents.

In additional embodiments, the present invention provided compounds ofthe formula E:

wherein Ak is C₁-C₆ alkylene, which is optionally further substituted;R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; each of R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents.

Especially advantageous embodiments of the present invention providecompounds of the foregoing formulae I and A-E having antiviral activity,and especially anti-HCV activity, as discussed in more detail herein. Insome embodiments, the compounds are used in vitro, e.g. in assays, kitsor some other milieu, as test standards, e.g. for measuring the anti-HCVactivity and/or potential of a candidate compound. In other embodiments,the compounds are used in vivo, e.g. as prophylactic or therapeuticcompounds for the treatment of HCV infection, e.g. in humans.

In some embodiments, compounds of the foregoing formula in which, whenX¹ or X² is further substituted alkyl, the further substituent does notcomprise a 2-aminobenzimidazolyl moiety.

In further embodiments, there are provided compounds of the foregoingformula in which, when X¹ and X² form a ring, the ring is not a2-aminobenzimidazol-1-yl ring.

In further embodiments, there are provided compounds of the foregoingformula in which neither Z² nor Z³ is H, CF₃, unsubstituted C₁-C₂ alkyl,methoxy, ethoxy, or Cl.

In further embodiments, there are provided compounds of the foregoingformula in which Z³ and Z⁴ are not simultaneously methyl or Cl.

In further embodiments, there are provided compounds of the foregoingformula in which, when X¹ and X² are each alkyl (unsubstituted), Z² isneither methoxy nor N,N-dimethylaminopropyloxy.

In further embodiments, there are provided compounds of the foregoingformula in which, when X¹ and X² are each methyl or ethyl, Z² is notmethoxy, ethoxy, or N,N-dialkylaminoalkyloxy.

Further preferred compound of the foregoing formula in which, when X¹and X² are each methyl or ethyl, Z² is not neither methoxy norN,N-dimethylaminopropyloxy.

In further embodiments, there are provided compounds of the foregoingformula in which, when X¹ and X² are each methyl, Z³ is not aminomethylor aminoethyl.

In further embodiments, there are provided compounds of the foregoingformula in which, when X¹ and X² are each methyl, Z² is not C₁-C₂ alkyl.

In further embodiments, there are provided compounds of the foregoingformula in which Z² and Z³ are not simultaneously Cl.

It is to be understood that, when the compounds according to the presentinvention may be present either in their free base forms, as depicted inthe formulae set forth herein, or as salts and/or hydrates thereof, andin particular as pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are known in the art, as are hydrates,and the person having skill in the art will find it conventional toprepare such salts using art-recognized techniques. Exemplary saltsinclude acid-addition salts, e.g. HCl, HBr, HI, HNO₃, H₃PO₄, NaH₂PO₄,Na₂HPO₄, H₃PO₃, NaH₂PO₃, Na₂HPO₄, H₂SO₄, NaHSO₄, carboxylic acids, suchas acetic acid, malonic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, dichloroaceticacid, trichloroacetic acid, etc. Hydrates include hemihydrates,monohydrates, dihydrates, etc. Pharmaceutically acceptable saltsinclude, HCl, H₂SO₄, acetic acid, malonic acid, capric acid, lauricacid, and other pharmacologically tolerated salts. Unless otherwisemodified herein, the use of a free base formula is intended to includethe salt and/or hydrate thereof.

As used herein, the term alkyl, unless otherwise modified, means anunsubstituted hydrocarbyl moiety. Acceptable alkyl groups include C₁-C₁₂alkyl, especially C₁-C₆ alkyl, e.g. methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl,n-butyl, t-butyl, s-butyl. Accordingly, unless otherwise modified, theterm alkyl includes, when appropriate, branched and unbranched alkylmoieties.

As used herein, the term alkenyl, unless otherwise further modified,means an unsubstituted hydrocarbyl moiety having at least onedouble-bond unsaturation in the hydrocarbyl moiety. Acceptable alkenylmoieties are C₂-C₁₂, especially C₂-C₆ alkenyl, e.g. ethenyl,prop-1-enyl, prop-2-enyl, etc. Accordingly, unless otherwise modified,the term alkenyl includes, where appropriate, branched and unbranched,mono- and poly-unsaturated alkenyl moieties.

As used herein, the term alkynyl, unless otherwise further modified,means an unsubstituted hydrocarbyl moiety having at least onetriple-bond unsaturation in the hydrocarbyl moiety. Acceptable alkynylmoieties are C₂-C₁₂, especially C₂-C₆ alkynyl, e.g. ethynyl,prop-1-ynyl, prop-2-ynyl, etc. Accordingly, unless otherwise modified,the term alkenyl includes, where appropriate, branched and unbranched,mono- and poly-unsaturated alkenyl moieties.

As used herein, the term cyclyl means a substituent group having atleast one cyclic ring structure. The term embraces both carbocyclyl andheterocyclyl. In turn, the term carbocyclyl means a cyclic structurehaving only carbon in the ring. Heterocyclyl, on the other hand, means acyclic structure having both carbon and at least one non-carbon atom inthe ring. As used herein, cyclyl, carbocyclyl, and heterocyclyl include,when not further modified, include mono- and polycyclic structures.Also, as used herein, cyclyl, carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl, connote ringstructures that are unsubstituted only, whereas optionally furthersubstituted cyclyl, carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl ring structures areidentified by appropriate use of a suitable modifier.

The term carbocyclyl includes fully saturated, partially unsaturated andfully unsaturated ring structures. The term cycloalkyl is synonymouswith a fully saturated carbocyclyl. Partially unsaturated cyclyoalkylmeans a carbocyclyl group having at least one unsaturation, but nothaving the full complement of unsaturations possible within the ringstructure. Fully unsaturated cycloalkyl means a carbocyclyl group havingthe full complement of unsaturations possible within the ring structure.Aryl means a carbocyclyl substituent having at least one ring thatpossesses aryl ring character. Exemplary cycloalkyl groups includecyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,adamantyl, etc. Exemplary unsaturated cycloalkyl groups includecyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, etc. Exemplary aryl groupsinclude phenyl, naphthyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphth-1-yl, etc.

The term heterocyclyl includes fully saturated, partially unsaturatedand fully unsaturated ring structures. The term heterocyclyl alsoincludes mon- and polycyclic ring structures in which at least one ringcomprises carbon and at least one heteroatom in the ring. Exemplaryheterocyclyl moieties have from one to three rings, comprise from one toabout 14 carbons and from 1 to about 5 heteroatoms. Particularheterocyclyl moieties have from one to two rings and from one to about10 carbons and from 1 to about 4 heteroatoms. Suitable heteroatomsinclude O, S and N. In particular embodiments, where necessary tosatisfy its valence requirements, N may be unsubstituted (i.e. has an Hto satisfy its valence of 3) or may be substituted with an alkyl orcarbonyl, each of which may be further substituted. In particularembodiments, when such an N is substituted with alkyl, the alkyl isselected from methyl (Me) and ethyl (Et).

Fully saturated heterocyclyl includes pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,piperazinyl, N-alkyl piperazinyl, morpholino, N-alkylmorpholino,thiomorpholino, N-alkylthiomorpholino homopiperidinyl, homopiperazinyl,N-alkylhomopiperazinyl, homomorpholino, N-alkylhomomorpholino,homothiomorpholino, N-alkylhomothiomorpholino, tetrahydrofuranyl,tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrooxazolyl, N-alkyltetrahydrooxazolyl,tetrahydrothiazolyl, N-alkyltetrahydrothiazolyl, tetrahydroimidazolyl,N-alkyltetrahydroimidazolyl, etc.

Fully unsaturated heterocyclyl includes heteroaryl groups. Exemplaryfully unsaturated heterocyclyl groups include pyrrolyl, imidazolyl,pyrenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolyl,quoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl,thiophenyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, indazolyl,benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiopyranyl,indazolyl, pyridopyrroly, etc. Partially unsaturated heterocyclylincludes partially unsaturated cognates of each of the following:pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrenyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,quinolyl, quoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, oxazolyl,thiazolyl, thiophenyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl,indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzopyranyl,benzothiopyranyl, indazolyl, pyridopyrroly, etc.

Further substituents for cyclyl rings include halogens, e.g. Cl, Br andI, alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl moieties, substituted alkyl, substitutedalkenyl and substituted alkynyl moeities, wherein said furthersubstituents are described herein. Further substituents for cyclyl ringsalso include further cyclyl rings, e.g. cycloalkyl, unsaturatedcycloalkyl, fully unsaturated cycloalkyl, fully saturated heterocyclyl,partially unsaturated heterocyclyl, fully unsaturated heterocyclyl.Further substituents for cyclyl rings also include C(O)—R or C(O)O—R,wherein R is H, alkyl, or acyl, which alkyl may be further substituted.Further substituents for cyclyl rings also include NO₂, NH₂, NHR (whereR is alkyl or may be further substituted), NR₂ (where R is alkyl or isfurther substituted), OSO₃H₂, SO₃H₂, OH, OR, wherein R is alkyl or acyl.

Further substituents for alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl include halogens,e.g. Cl, Br and I, cyclyl rings, e.g. cycloalkyl, unsaturatedcycloalkyl, fully unsaturated cycloalkyl, fully saturated heterocyclyl,partially unsaturated heterocyclyl, fully unsaturated heterocyclyl.Further substituents for alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl also include C(O)—Ror C(O)O—R, wherein R is H, alkyl, or acyl, which alkyl may be furthersubstituted. Further substituents for cyclyl rings also include NO₂,NH₂, NHR (where R is alkyl or may be further substituted), NR₂ (where Ris alkyl or is further substituted), OSO₃H₂, SO₃H₂, OH, OR, wherein R isalkyl or acyl.

Acyl groups include C(O)—R′ groups, wherein R′ is optionally substitutedalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyclyl or O—R″, wherein R″ is H or R′.Especially suitable acyl groups include acetyl, benzoyl andt-butoxycarbonyl (BOC).

Alkylenyl means straight or branched divalent acyclic hydrocarbyl.Alkenylenyl means straight or branched divalent unsaturated hydrocarbyl,wherein at least one said unsaturations is a double bond. Alkynylenylmeans straight or branced divalent acyclic hydrocarbyl having at leastone triple bond unsaturation. Optionally further substituted alkylenyl,alkenylenyl or alkynenyl is an alkylenyl, alkenylenyl or alkynylenylwhich has at least one additional substituent.

Replicon Assay: The Ntat2ANeo replicon containing cell line was obtainedfrom Dr. S. Lemon at the University of Galvaston. Cells were grown,handled, treated with compound, and evaluated for HCV RNA levels asdescribed previously (Yi, M.; Bodola, F.; Lemon, S. M. Virology 2002,304, 197-210.) Briefly, the Ntat2ANeo cells were seeded into 96-wellplates. The media was replaced 24 h later with fresh, G418-free mediacontaining the indicated concentrations of drug. After the appropriateincubation period, cells were harvested, and quantitative RT-PCR assayswere carried out using TaqMan chemistry on a PRISM 7700 instrument(ABI). For detection and quantitation of HCV RNA, primers complementaryto the 5′-NTR region of HCV (Takeuchi, T., Katsume, A., Tanaka, T., Abe,A., Inoue, K., Tsukiyama-Kohara, K., Kawaguchi, R., Tanaka, S., andKohara, M. Gastroenterology 1999, 116, 636-642.) were used. Results werenormalized to the estimated total RNA content of the sample, asdetermined by the abundance of cellular GAPDH mRNA detected in a similarreal-time RT-PCR assay using reagents provided with TaqMan GAPDH ControlReagents (Human) (Applied Biosystems).

MTT Toxicity Assay: The MTT cell proliferation assay was used to testour compounds for cell toxicity (v van de Loosdrecht, A. A.; Beelen, R.H.; Ossenkoppele, G. J.; Broekhoven, M. G.; Langenhuijsen, M. M. J.Immunol. Methods 1994, 174, 311-320. The assay kit was purchased fromAmerican Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va., USA), and treatment ofcells and the specific assay protocol was carried out according to themanufacturer's recommendations. The MTT cell proliferation assaymeasures cell viability and growth by the reduction of tetrazoliumsalts. The yellow tetrarolium salt is reduced in metabolically activecells to form purple formazan crystals which are solubilized by theaddition of detergent. The color was quantified by spectrophotometricmeans. For each cell type a linear relationship between cell number andabsorbance is established, enabling quantification of changes ofproliferation.

EXAMPLES

In the Examples 1-12 of 2-aminobenzimidazoles are illustrated in Scheme1:

In each of the foregoing Examples 1-12 and 15 and 16 of Scheme 1, R, R¹,R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are each, independently of the other, H or asubstituent group. Exemplary substituent groups include alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substitutedalkynyl or substituted aryl. Suitable alkyl groups include C₁-C₁₂, e.g.C₁-C₆ alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, i-butyl,n-butyl, t-butyl, s-butyl, n-pentyl, etc. Suitable alkenyl groupsinclude C₂-C₁₂, e.g. C₂-C₆ alkenyl, such as ethenyl, propen-3-yl,buten-4-yl, etc. Suitable alkynyl groups include C₂-C₂, e.g. C₂-C₆alkynyl, such as ethynyl, prop-3-ynyl, etc. Suitable substituentsinclude functional groups, such as NO₂, NH₂, COOH, halo, OH,NH(C═NH)NH₂, NH(C═O)NH₂, NH(C═NH)H, CONH₂, a substituted guanidine,amidine, a substituted amidine, etc. In each case where the functionalgroup is an acid or a base group, the functional group may, togetherwith a suitable counterion, form a salt, complex or chelate.

Example 1 Preparation of 6-alkoxy-2-amnionbenzimidazoles Example 1

A mixture of 3-fluoro-4-nitrophenol 1 (3 mmol, 0.47 g), alkyl halide oralkylsulfonate 2 (3 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (3.3 mmol, 0.46 g) in acetone. (5mL) was refluxed for 20 h. The reaction was then diluted with water andthe aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (twice). The combinedorganic layers were washed with water, brine, dried (over MgSO₄) andconcentrated to provide 3.

Crude 3 was then dissolved in toluene (6 mL) and treated with R^(N1)NH₂4 (3.3-6 mmol) and CaCO₃ (3.6 mmol, 0.36 g) and the reaction wasrefluxed for 2 h. The reaction was diluted with water and extracted withEtOAc (2×). The combined organic layers were washed with water andbrine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to provide 5.

Crude 5 and 10% Pd/C (50 mg) were dissolved in EtOH (10 mL) and themixture was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 12 h at rt. Thereaction was filtered through celite and concentrated to provide 6 as adark oil.

Crude 6 obtained above was dissolved in EtOH (3 mL) and treated withCNBr (3.3 mmol, 0.35 g). The reaction was stirred for 12 h, after whichit was diluted with 4M NaOH until strongly basic (pH >12) and extractedwith CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine,dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to provide 7 as a dark oil. Crude 7could be purified by chromatography on aluminum oxide (activated,neutral, Brockmann 1, ˜150 mesh) eluted with 5-10% MeOH/1% NH₄OH/CH₂Cl₂.Alternatively, crude 7 could also be purified by preparative reversephase HPLC.

1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-6-methoxy-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylamine (7aa′)was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 1 andpurified by column chromatography to provide 7aa′. LCMS: LC retentiontime 1.22 min; MS (ES⁺) 249.2 (MH⁺).

3-[2-Amino-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3H-benzimidazoly-5-yloxy]-propan-1-ol(7ga′) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 1and purified by column chromatography to provide 7ga′. LCMS: LCretention time 1.30 min.; MS (ES⁺) 293.1 (MH⁺).

Example 2 Synthesis of 6-alkylalkoxy-2-aminobenzimidazoles usingMitsunobu Alkylation Example 2

A mixture of 3-fluoro-4-nitrophenol 1 (8 mmol, 1.26 g), triphenylphosphine (12 mmol, 3.14 g) and DIMD (12 mmol, 2.36 mL) in dry THF (70mL) was cooled in an ice bath. Alcohol 8 (12 mmol) was added dropwisevia a syringe to the above mixture and the reaction was stirred for 4 h.The solvent was then removed by concentration under vacuum to provide athick oil, which was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and sequentially extracted with1M NaOH, water and 10% HCl. The acidic aqueous layer was separated andwashed with CH₂Cl₂ and basified (pH >12) using solid NaOH and thenfurther extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc layer was then separated andwashed with brine, dried and concentrated to provide crude 9 along withsome (5-30%) DIAD byproduct.

Crude 9 obtained above was dissolved in toluene (20 mL) and treated withamine 4 (10-15 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (10 mmol, 1.38 g) and the reaction wasrefluxed for 2 h. The reaction was diluted with water and extracted withEtOAc (2×). The combined organic layers were washed with water andbrine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to provide 10.

Crude 10 obtained above and 10% Pd/C (100-200 mg) were dissolved in EtOH(10 mL) and the mixture was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 12h at room temperature. The reaction was filtered through celite andconcentrated to provide 11 as a dark oil.

Crude 11 obtained above was dissolved in EtOH (10 mL) and treated withCNBr (10 mmol, 1.06 g). The reaction was stirred for 12 h, after whichit was diluted with 4 M NaOH until strongly basic (pH >12) and extractedwith CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine,dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to provide 12 as a dark oil. Crude 12could be purified by chromatography on aluminum oxide (activated,neutral, Brochmann 1, ˜150 mesh), eluting with 5-10% MeOH/1%NH₄OH/CH₂Cl₂. Alternatively, crude 12 could also be purified bypreparative reverse phase HPLC.

1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-6-(3-piperidin-1-ylpropoxy)-1H-benzimidazol-2-ylamine(12ga′) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2,and purified by peparative reverse phase HPLC to provide 159 mg of12ga′·3TFA. LCMS: LC retention time 0.96 min.; MS (ES⁺) 348.1 (MH⁺).

1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-6-(2-morpholin-4-ylethoxy)-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylamine(12ia′) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 2and purified by preparative reverse-phase HPLC to provide 100 mg of12ia′·3TFA. LCMS: LC retention time 0.51 min.; MS (ES⁺) 348.1 (MH⁺).

Example 3 Synthesis of 6-alkylaminoalkoxy-2-aminobenzimidazoles byMesylate Displacement

A mixture of 2-aminobenzimidazole 7g (14.3 mmol, 4.3 g),4-dimethylaminopyridine (1.4 mmol, 0.17 g) and K₂CO₃ (35.8 mmol, 4.94 g)in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was cooled in an ice bath. Methanesulfonyl chloride(31.5 mmol, 2.43 mL) was added dropwise via a syringe to the abovemixture and the reaction was stirred for an additional 3 h. The reactionwas then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and the organic phase was washed withwater, then with brine, then was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated toprovide a mixture of 13a and 13b in varying ratios. The crude mixture of13a and 13b thus obtained was dissolved in DMF (40 ML) and this solutionwas distributed into 40 vials (1 mL each). K₂CO₃ (0.75 mmol., 0.103 g)and the desired primary or secondary amine (0.75 mmol-0.88 mmol) wasadded to each reaction vessel. The individual reactions were heated at60° C. for 14 h, after which the contents of each vessel were dilutedwith CH₂Cl₂ and the organic layer was washed with 4M NaOH, washed withbrine, then dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to provide crude 15, whichwas further purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC.

When the final product 15 contained a Boc protecting group, crude 15 wasdissolved in a mixture of CH₂Cl₂/TFA (1:1, 2 mL). The reaction wasstirred overnight and then concentrated, and the residue was purified bypreparative reverse-phase HPLC (rpHPLC).

N-{3-(2-Amino-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yloxy]propyl}-N,N′,N′-trimethylpropane-1,3-diamine(15da′) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 3and purified by preparative rpHPLC to provide 68 mg of 15da′·3TFA. LCMS:LC retention time 0.38 min.; MS (ES⁺) 391.2 (MH⁺).

N-{3-[2-Amino-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3H-benzoimidazol-5-yloxypropyl}-N,N′,N′-trimethylethane-1,2-diamine(15sa′) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 3and purified by preparative rpHPLC to provide 81 mg of 15sa′·3TFA. LCMS:LC retention time 0.40 min.; MS (ES⁺) 377.2 (MH⁺).

Example 4 Synthesis of 6-alkylaminoalkoxy-2-aminobenzimidazoles byReductive Amination Example 4

ArCHO =

a b c

e f g h i

j k l m n

o p q r s

t u v w x

y z aa ab ac

A mixture of 2-aminobenzimidazole 7b (7.15 mmol, 2.15 g),4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.7 mmol, 0.085 g) and K₂CO₃ (18 mmol, 2.47 g)in CH₂Cl₂ (8 mL) was cooled in an ice bath. Methanesulfonyl chloride(14.3 mmol, 1.2 mL) was added dropwise via a syringe to the abovemixture and the reaction was stirred for an additional 3 h. The reactionwas then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and the organic phase was washed withwater, then with brine, and then dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated toprovide a mixture of 13a and 13b in varying ratios. The crude mixture of13a and 13b obtained above was then dissolved in DMF (31 mL) and treatedwith methylamine (15 mL of a 40% solution in H₂O) and heated at 60° C.in a sealed vessel for 12 h. The reaction was cooled and diluted withsaturated Na₂CO₃ and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organiclayers were washed with brine, and then dried over MgSO₄ andconcentrated to provide crude 2-aminobenzimidazole 16 as a dark, red oil(1 g).

Proton data for 16a′: ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.24 (d, 1H), 6.7 (dd,1H), 6.6 (d, 1H), 5.8 (s, br, 2H), 4.05 (t, 2H), 4.0 (m, 2H), 2.8 (t,2H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.2 (s, 6H), 2.1 (m, 2H), 1.95 (m, 4H). LCMS: LCretention time 0.44 min.; MS (ES⁺) 306.2 (MH⁺).

Crude 2-aminobenzimidazole 16 obtained above (0.33 mmol, 0.1 g) and thedesired aldehyde 17 (0.33 mmol) was dissolved in dry CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL).Glacial acetic acid (1 drop) was added to the reaction, which wasstirred for 5-10 min., followed by addition of sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride (0.66 mmol, 0.14 g). The mixture was stirred atroom temperature for 12 h, after which it was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ andthe organic phase was washed with saturated Na₂CO₃, then with brine, andthen was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. Crude 2-aminobenzimidazole18 thus obtained was further purified by preparative rpHPLC.

6-[3-Methyl-pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)-propoxy]-1-(3-pyrrolidin-1-ylpropyl)-1-benzimidazol-2-ylamine(18mc′) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 4and purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC to provide 30 mg of18mc′·3TFA. LCMS: LC retention time 1.46 min. MS (ES⁺) 423.1 (MH⁺).

1-[2-Methyl-piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-{3-[methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-ylmethyl)amino]-propoxy}-1H-benzimidazol-2-ylamine(18ed′) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 4and purified by preparative rpHPLC to provide 73 mg of 18ed′·3TFA. LCMS:LC retention time 1.63 min.; MS (ES⁺) 439.2 (MH⁺).

Example 5 Synthesis of 6-guanidinoalkoxy-2-aminobenzimidazoles Example 5

2-aminobenzimidazole 12r was prepared as per the procedure described inExample 2, except that the acid-base extraction after the Mitsunobualkylation (step 1) was replaced by column chromatography. Also, thecyanogens bromide cyclization was carried out in the presence of K₂CO₃(2 eq.). Purification by chromatography on silica gel (15% MeOH/1%Et₃N/I) provided 12r.

Purified 12r obtained above was dissolved in a mixture of CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL)and TFA (5 mL) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 12h. The reaction was concentrated under vacuum and the residue wasdissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and the organic phase was washed with 4M NaOH andthen with brine, after which it was dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated toprovide crude 19.

A solution of crude 19 and DIPEA (0.25 mmol, 0.032 mL) in DMF (0.3 mL)was cooled in an ice bath and 1H-pyrazole-1-carboxamidine hydrochloride(0.25 mmol, 0.037 g) was added as a solid to the reaction. Afterstirring for 12 h at room temperature, the reaction was diluted withCH₂Cl₂ and washed with 4M NaOH and then with brine, after which it wasdried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to provide guanidine 20, which waspurified by preparative rpHPLC.

N-{3-[2-dimethylamino-propyl)-3H-benzoimidazol-5-yloxy]-propyl}-guanidine(20a′) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 5and purified by preparative rpHPLC to provide 20.5 mg of 20a′·3TFA.LCMS: LC retention time 0.63 min.; MS (ES⁺) 334.1 (MH⁺). ¹H NMR (200MHz, CD₃OD) δ7.3 (d, 1H), 7.2 (d, 1H), 6.95 (dd, 1H), 4.2 (m, 4H), 3.4(t, 2H), 3.2 (m, partially overlapped 2H), 2.95 (s, 6H), 2.24 (m, 2H),2.15 (m, 2H).

Example 6 Synthesis of N1-N2 cyclic 2-aminobenzimidazoles

2-hydroxymethyl-acrylonitrile (37 mmol, 3.1 g, prepared as per proceduredescribed by Csuk et al. in Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 9759-9776) wastreated with dimethylamine (25 mL of a 2M solution in THF) and thereaction was heated in a sealed vessel at 45° C. for 14 h. The reactionwas cooled to room temperature and all the volatiles were removed byconcentration under vacuum. The crude2-hydroxymethyl-3-dimethylaminopropionitrile thus obtained was dissolvedin dry THF (50-60 mL) and this solution was added dropwise to a cold(−78° C.) suspension of LAH (6 g) in THF (300 ML). The reaction wasgradually warmed to room temperature and stirred for an additional 12 hat room temperature. The reaction was then cooled in an ice bath andvery carefully quenched by the sequential addition of H₂O (6 mL), 4MNaOH (6 mL) and H₂O (18 mL). The white slurry thus obtained was filteredthrough celite and the filter bed was washed with additional CH₂Cl₂. Theentire filtrate was then concentrated under vacuum to provide crudeamine 23.

A mixture of crude 23 was obtained above, nitrophenol 3g (40 mmol, 8.6g) and K₂CO₃ (60 mmol, 8.3 g) in toluene (80 mL) was refluxed for 3 h.The reaction was then poured into water and extracted with EtOAc. Thecrude material was purified by flash chromatography (10% MeOH/1%NH₄OH/CH₂Cl₂ to provide 24. LCMS: LC retention time 2.16 min.; MS (ES⁺)328.1 (MH⁺).

10% Pd/C (200 mg) and crude 24 obtained above was dissolved in EtOH (50mL) and the mixture was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 12 h atroom temperature. The reaction was filtered through celite andconcentrated to provide 25 as a dark oil.

Crude 25 obtained above was dissolved I n EtOH (30 mL) and treat withCNBr (22.5 mmol, 2.36 g). The reaction was stirred for 12 h after whichit was diluted with 4M NaOH until strongly basic (pH >12) and extractedwith CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine anddried over MgSO₄, then concentrated to provide 26 as a dark oil. Thecrude residue was purified by flash column chromatography on neutralalumina (5-10% MeOH/1% NH₄OH/CH₂Cl₂) to provide 26 (0.94 g) as a darkoil. LCMS: LC retention time 0.507 min.; MS (ES⁺) 323.1 (MH⁺).

A solution of 26 (2.9 mmol, 0.94 g), DMAP (5 mg) and triethylamine (7.5mmol, 1.05 mL) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) was cooled in an ice bath andmethanesulfonyl chloride (5.98 mmol, 0.46 mL) was added dropwise over 5min. The reaction was stirred for 2 h, after which it was diluted withCH₂Cl₂ and the organic layer was washed with saturated Na₂CO₃, thenbrine, then dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to provide crude 27. Thecrude material obtained above was dissolved in DMF (11 mL) and thissolution was distributed to 11 vials (1 ML each). K₂CO₃ (0.5 mmol, 0.07g) and the desired primary or secondary amine (0.4 mmol) was added toeach reaction vessel. The individual reactions were heated at 60° C. for14 h, after which the contents of each vessel was diluted with CH₂Cl₂and the organic layer was washed with 4M NaOH, then with brine, and thendried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to provide crude 28, which was furtherpurified by preparative reverse phase HPLC.

Dimethyl-{7-[3-(4-pyrrolidin-1-yl-piperidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]-imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-3-ylmethyl}-amine(28ai) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 6and purified by preparative rpHPLC to provide 24 mg of 28ai·3TFA. LCMS:LC retention time 0.59 min.; MS (ES⁺) 441.2 (MH⁺).

Heteroaryl or aryl groups (29) could be appended onto the alkyloxy chainat C6 by processing compound 27 per the procedure described in Example4.

[3-(3-Dimethylaminomethl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-7-yloxy)-propyl]-methyl-(1H-pyrrol-2-ylmethyl)-amine(29i) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 6 andpurified by preparative rpHPLC to provide 25 mg of 29i·3TFA. LCMS: LCretention time 1.32 min.; MS (ES⁺) 397.2 (MH⁺).

Example 7 C₅ aminomethl-2-aminobenzimidazoles—Reductive AminationExample 7

A mixture of 3-hydroxymethyl-6-chloronitrobenzene (10.6 mmol, 2 g) andamine 4 (12 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) was refluxed for 2 h. The reactionwas then diluted with EtOAc and the organic phase was washed with waterand then with brine, then dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to provide30.

Crude 30 obtained above was reduced and cyclized with CNBr according tothe procedure described in Example 1 to provide 32.

A mixture of 32 (2.5 mmol, 0.63 g) and MnO₂ (10 mmol, 0.87 g) in CH₂Cl₂was refluxed for 6 h. The reaction was filtered through celite andconcentrated to provide 33, which was purified by chromatography onneutral alumina (5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂).

A mixture of aldehyde 33 (0.3 mmol, 0.075 g), 3-dimethylaminopropylamine(0.9 mmol, 0.15 mL), glacial acetic acid (1 drop) and NaBH(OAc)₃ (0.45mol, 0.1 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was stirred overnight. The reaction wasdiluted with CH₂Cl₂ and the organic phase was washed with water, thenwith brine, then dried over MgSO₄ and then concentrated to provide 35,which was purified by rpHPLC.

1-(3-Dimethylamino-propyl)-5-morpholin-4-ylmethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylamine(35ra′) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 7and purified by preparative rpHPLC to provide 29 mg of 35ra′·3TFA. LCMS:LC retention time 0.52 min.; MS (ES⁺) 318.2 (MH⁺).

1-(3-Dimethylamino-propyl)-5-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-aminomethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylamine(35qa′) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 7and purified by preparative rpHPLC to provide 32 mg of 35aqa′·3TFA.LCMS: LC retention time 0.41 min.; MS (ES⁺) 333.2 (MH⁺).

Example 8 Alkylation of 2-aminobenzimidazole Example 8

A mixture of 2,3-dinitrophenol (5.43 mmol, 1 g), iodomethane (21.7 mmol,1.35 mL) and K₂CO₃ (21.7 mmol, 2.99 g) was stirred at room temperaturefor 14 h. The reaction was then filtered through celite and the filterbed was washed with additional acetone. The filtrate was concentrated toprovide 2,3-dinitroanisole (100%), which was dissolved in a mixture ofEtOH/H₂O (1:1, 20 mL) and Fe (19.4 mmol, 1.06 g) and concentrated HCl (8drops) was added. The mixture was refluxed for 90 min., after which itwas filtered through celite and the filter bed was washed withadditional EtOH. The filtrate was concentrated and basified (pH >12)with 4 M NaOH and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Theorganic phase was then separated and washed with brine, dried MgSO₄ andconcentrated to provide 2,3-diaminoanisole 36b (0.65 g).

Cyanogen bromide (7.05 mmol, 0.74 g) was added to a solution of2,3-diaminoanisole (4.7 mmol, 0.65 g) in EtOH (10 mL) and the reactionwas stirred at room temperature for 14 h. The reaction was diluted withH₂O and then basified (pH >12) using 4 M NaOH. The aqueous layer wasextracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic phase was then separated and washedwith brine and then dried over MgSO₄ and then concentrated to provide2-aminobenzimidazole 37b.

A mixture of crude 37 obtained above, KOH (4 mmol, 0.224 g) anddimethylaminopropyl chloride. HCl (2 mmol, 0.32 g) was refluxed in EtOH(5 mL) for 14 h. The reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and the organicphase was washed with water and then with brine and then dried overMgSO₄ and then concentrated to provide a mixture of 38b and 39b, whichwas separated by preparative rpHPLC.

1-(3-Dimethylamino-propyl)-4-methoxy-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylamine (38b)and 1-(3-Dimethylamino-propyl)-4-methoxy-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylamine(39b) were purified by preparative rpHPLC to provide 38b′·2TFA (8 mg)and 39b.3TFA (29.5 mg). 38b LCMS: LC retention time 1.36 min.; MS (ES⁺)249.1 (MH⁺). 39b LCMS: LC retention time 1.46 min.; MS (ES⁺) 249.1(MH⁺).

The nitro-substituted 2-aminobenzimidazoles 38c and 39c could be reducedto the corresponding diaminobenzimidazoles using 10% Pd/C and hydrogengas.

Example 9 Synthesis of 2-aminobenzimidazoles Example 9

Amine 4 (2.4 mmol was added to amixture of fluoronitro compound 46 (2mmol) and CaCO₃ (0.4 g, 4 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) at room temperature.The reaction was stirred for 12 h, after which it was filtered throughcelite and the filter pad was washed with additional CH₂Cl₂. The solventwas removed by concentration and the crude product was hydrogenatedusing 10% Pd/C (50 mg) and H₂ gas (Balloon) in EtOH (10 mL) for 12 h atroom temperature, after which the reacton was filtered through celiteand concentrated. The crude product thus obtained was suspended in water(2 mL) and treated with CNBr (4 mmol, 0.41 g) and the reaction wasstirred for 12 h at room temperature. The reaction was basified using 4MNaOH (pH >12) and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Thelayers were separated and the organic layer was dried MgSO₄ andconcentrated. The material thus obtained was washed with ether (24 mL)and dried under high vacuum to provide the 2-aminobenzimidazole 49.

When the R group is nitro, the 2-aminobenzimidazole 49 can be reduced tothe corresponding diamino-benzimidazole using 10% Pd/C (catalyticamount) and hydrogen gas at atmospheric pressure. Filtering the reactionthrough celite followed by solvent removal under vacuum provides thefinal diaminobenzimidazole in essentially quantitative yield.

1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylamine(49d) was prepared by procedure described in Example 9. ¹H NMR (200 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.62 (1H, s), 7.29 (1H, d, J=8.3), 7.09 (1H, d, J=8.4), 6.44(2H, s, br), 4.05 (2H, m), 2.26 (3H, s), 2.22 (2H, m), 1.97 (2H, m),1.97 (2H, m). LCMS: LC retention time 1.57 min.; MS (ES⁺) 287.1 (MH⁺).

10% Pd/C (200 mg) and crude 24 obtained above was dissolved in EtOH (50mL) and the mixture was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 12 h atroom temperature. The reaction was filtered through celite andconcentrated to provide 25 as a dark oil.

Dimethyl-{7-[3-(4-pyrrolidin-1-ylpiperidin-1-yl)propoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-3-ylmethyl}-amine(28ai) was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 10and purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC to provide 25 mg of29i·3TFA. LCMS: LC retention time 1.32 min.; MS (ES⁺) 397.2 (MH⁺).

When the R group is nitro, the 2-aminobenzimidazole 49 can be reduced tothe corresponding diaminobenzimidazole using 10% Pd/C (catalytic amount)and hydrogen gas at atmospheric pressure. Filtering the reaction throughcelite followed by solvent removal under vacuum provides the finaldiaminobenzimidazole in essentially quantitative yield.

(1-(3-Dimethylamino-propyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylamine(49d) was prepared by procedure described in Example 9. ¹H NMR (200 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 7.62 (1H, s), 7.29 (1H, J=8.3), 7.09 (1H, J=8.4), 6.44 (2H, s,br), 4.05 (2H, m), 2.26 (3H, s), 2.22 (2H, m), 1.97 (2H, m), 1.97 (2H,m). LCMS: LC retention time 1.57 min.; MS (ES⁺) 287.1 (MH⁺).

Example 10 Synthesis of 6-alkylaminoalkyl-2-aminobenzimidazoles

Amine 4 (16.7 mmol) was added to mixture of 4-bromo-2-fluoronitrobenzene(11.18 mmol, 2.45 g) and CaCO₃ (0.4 g, 4 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) at rt.The reaction was stirred for 12 h, after which it was filtered throughcelite and the filter pad washed with additional CH₂Cl₂. The filtratewas then washed with water, then brine, then dried over MgSO₄ andconcentrated to provide 51.

A mixture of 51 (3.67 mmol, 1 g), copper iodide (0.183 mmol, 0.034 g),Pd(Ph₃)₃ (0.09 mmol, 0.103 g) and triethylamine (14.68 mmol, 2 mL) indry THF (36 mL) was cooled in an ice bath. Alkyne 52 (5.5 mmol, 0.63 mL)was added to the reaction and the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 14 h. The solvent was the removed under vacuum and theresidue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and the organic phase was washed withwater, then brine, and then dried and concentrated to provide 53.

10% Pd/C (100 mg) and crude 53 obtained above was dissolved in EtOH (20mL) and the mixture was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 12 h atroom temperature. The reaction was filtered through celite andconcentrated to provide 54 as a dark oil.

Crude 6 obtained above was dissolved in EtOH (8 mL) and treated withCNBr (4.9 mmol, 0.52 g). The reaction was stirred for 12 h, after whichit was diluted with 4 M NaOH until strongly basic (pH >12) and extractedwith CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine,dried MgSO₄ and concentrated to provide 55 as a dark oil, which waspurified by preparative rpHPLC.

1,6-Bis-3-dimethylamino-propyl)-1H-benzoimidazole-2-ylamine (55a′) wasprepared according to the procedure described in Example 10 and purifiedby preparative reverse phase HPLC to provide mg of 55a′·3TFA. LCMS: LCretention time 0.57 min.; MS (ES⁺) 352.1 (MH⁺).

Example 11 Synthesis of 6-alkylaminoalkylthio-2-aminobenzimidizoleExample 11

R-LG = 2 MeI EtI BnBr

a b c d e f g

2-amionbenzimidazole 60 is prepared starting from3-chloro-4-nitrothiophenol according to the procedure described inExample 1. 2-aminobenzimidazoles 61 and 62 are prepared starting from60g according to the procedure described in Example 3 and Example 4respectively.

Example 12 Synthesis of C6-C7 Constrained 2-amionbenzimidazoles Example12

Diethylmalonate (40 mmol, 6.1 mL) was added to a suspension of NaH (44mmol, 1.76 g of a 60% dispersion in mineral oil) in dry THF (60 mL).After stirring for 10 min. at room temperature, the suspension turned toa clear solution (with evolution of hydrogen), which was then cooled to−78° C. Bromide 63 (40 mmol, 8.26 g) in dry THF (20 mL) was then addeddropwise over 20 minutes to the reaction. The ice bath was removed andthe reaction was gradually allowed to warm up to room temperature over2-3 h. The reaction was then diluted with CH₂Cl₂, extracted with water(2×) and the organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ andconcentrated to provide 64, wich was used without any furtherpurification.

Crude 64 obtained above in dry THF (60 mL) was added dropwise to a cold(−78° C.) suspension of LAH (4.48 g) in THF (300 mL). The reaction wasgradually allowed to warm to room temperature over 14 h, after which itwas recooled in an ice bath. Water (4.5 mL) was carefully added to thereaction, followed by sequential addition of 4M NaOH (4.5 ml) and water(13.5 mL). The reaction was further diluted with ether (100 mL),filtered through celite and the filter bed was thoroughly washed withadditional ether. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue waspurified by column chromatography to provide 65 (50% over two steps). ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) a 7.16 (m, 1H), 6.85 (m, 2H), 3.8 (m, 4H), 2.7 (d,2H), 2.0 (m, 1H).

A solution of acetyl chloride (59 mmol, 4.21 mL) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (60 mL)was added dropwise to a cold (0° C.) solution of diol 65 (25.6 mmol,5.18 g), triethylamine (64 mmol, 8.9 mL) and DMAP (2.56 mmol, 0.32 g) indry CH₂Cl₂ (190 mL). The reaction was then stirred for an additional 14h at room temperature, after which it was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and theorganic phase was washed with 5% HCl, then with brine, then dried overMgSO₄ and concentrated to provide 66, which was used without any furtherpurification. ¹H NMR (300 NMR, CDCl₃) δ 7.16 (m, 1H), 6.85 (m, 2H), 4.0(d, 4H), 2.78 (d, 2H), 2.37 (m, 1H), 2.02 (s, 6H).

Crude 66 (25.8 mmol, 7.38 g) obtained above was cooled in an ice bathand fuming nitric acid (15 mL) was added over 5 min. The reaction wasstirred for 1 h in the ice bath, after which it was diluted with icewater. The cold aqueous solution was then extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×) andthe combined organic phases were washed with brine, then dried overMgSO₄ and concentrated to provide 67, which was used without any furtherpurification. ¹H NMR (300 NMR, CDCl₃) δ: 8.0 (m, 1H), 7.0 (m, 2H), 4.06(d, 4H), 2.85 (d, 2H), 2.4 (m, 1H), 2.02 (s, 6H).

Amine 4 (30 mmol) was added to a suspension of crude 67 (20 mmol) andCaCO₃ (28 mmol, 2.8 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL). The reaction was stirred for14 h at room temperature, after which it was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and theorganic phase was washed with water, then with brine, then dried overMgSO₄ and concentrated to provide nitroaniline 68, which was usedwithout any further purification.

A suspension of crude nitroaniline 68 (18.4 mmol) obtained above andK₂CO₃ (54 mmol, 7.46 g) in MeOH (180 mL) was stirred at room temperaturefor 72 h and 40° C. for 24 h. The solvent was then removed byconcentration under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved inwater an the aqueous solution was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). Thecombined organic layers were then washed with brine, then dired overMgSO₄ and concentrated to provide crude 69, which was used without anyfurther purification.

A solution of crude 69 in EtOH (200 mL) was treated with 1% Pd/C (0.46g) and the mixture was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 20 h toprovide crude 70, which was used without any further purification.

Benzoylisothiocyanate (9.76 mmol, 1.31 mL) was added to a cold (0° C.)solution of crude 70 in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and the mixture was stirred foran additional 2 h at room temperature. Diisopropylethylamine (29.28mmol, 5.1 mL) was then added to the reaction, followed bydiisopropylcarbodimide (14.64 mmol, 2.3 mL) and the whole was thenstirred at room temperature for 14 h. The reaction was diluted withCH₂Cl₂ and the organic phase was washed with water. The CH₂Cl₂ layer wasthen extracted with 5% HCl (2×) and the acidic aqueous layers werecombined and washed with EtOAc (IX). The acidic aqueous layer was thenbasified with solid NaOH until strongly basic (pH >12) and extractedwith CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organics were further washed with brine,dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to provide 71, which was used withoutany further purification.

Crude 71 (1.62 g, 4 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of 1,4-dioxane (2.4mL) and 10% HCL (5.6 mL) and the reaction was refluxed for 14 h. Thereaction was then cooled and basified with solid NaOH until stronglybasic (pH >12) and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). Thecombined organic layers were then washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄and concentrated to provide 72.

8-Dimethylaminomethyl-1-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-1,7,8,9-tetrahydro-chromeno[5,6-d]imidazol-2-ylamine(73a′) was prepared from 72a′ according to the procedure described inExample 3, using dimethylamine (excess) as the nucleophile for mesylatedisplacement and purified by preparative rpHPLC to provide 73a′·CH₃CO₂H(44.4 mg). LCMS: LC retention time 0.34 min.; MS (ES⁺) 332.2 (MH⁺).

1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-8-{[methyl-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-ylmethl)-amino]-methyl}-1,7,8,9-tetrahydro-chromeneo[5,6-d]imidazol-2-ylamine(74a′) was prepared from 72a′ according to the procedure described inExample 4 and purified by preparative rpHPLC to provide 74a′· CH₃CO₂H(21.1 mg). LCMS: LC retention time 0.51 min.; MS (ES⁺) 411.2 (MH⁺).

Example 13 Synthesis of Extended Tether C₆-C₇ Constrained2-aminobenzimidazoles

Methanesulfonyl chloride (1.79 mmol, 0.14 mL) was added dropwise to acold solution (0° C.) of 2-aminobenzimidazole 72 (1.19 mmol, 0.36 g,prepared according to Example 12), triethylamine (1.79 mmol, 0.25 mL)and dimethylaminopyridine (10 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL). The reaction wasstirred for 2 h, after which it was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and the organicphase was extracted with water, then with brine, then dried over MgSO₄and concentrated to provide crude mesylate mixture 75 and 76.

The crude material obtained above was dissolved in DMF (1 mL) and KCN(68 mg) was added and the reaction was heated for 14 h at 60° C. Thereaction was then cooled and diluted with water and extracted withCH₂Cl₂ to provide the corresponding cyanide 77.

The crude 77 obtained above was dissolved in a mixture of MeOH (0.8 mL)and strong NH₃ solution (0.2 mL) and treated with Raney Nickel catalyst.The whole mixture was then hydrogenated to provide amine 78, which wasisolated by filtration through celite.

8-(2-Aminoethl)-1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1,7,8,9-tetrahydrochromeno[5,6-d]imidazole-2-ylamine(78a′) was prepared using the procedure described in Example 34 andpurified by preparative rpHPLC to provide 78a′ ·CH₃CO₂H (12.6 mg). LCMS:LC retention time 0.41 min.; MS (ES⁺) 318.2 (MH⁺).

In the study design, 3-4 female mice/group were dosed with 0, 5 or 45mg/kg of IBIS00553642, IBIS000408094, or IBIS00405746 for 3 days (i.p.).Clinical signs, body weights, clinical pathology, organ weights, andhistopathology endpoints were evaluated.

Example 13 Synthesis of Extended Tether C6-C7 Constrained2-aminobenzimidazoles

Methanesulfonyl chloride (1.79 mmol, 0.14 mL) was added dropwise to acold solution (0° C.) of 2-aminobenzimidazole 72 (1.19 mmol, 0.36 g,prepared according to example 12), triethylamine (1.79 mmol, 0.25 mL)and dimethylaminopyridine (10 mg) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL). The reaction wasstirred for 2 hours after which it was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and theorganic phase was extracted with water, brine, dried (MgSO4) andconcentrated to provide crude mesylate mixture 75 and 76.

The crude material obtained above was dissolved in DMF (1 mL) and KCN(68 mg) was added and the reaction was heated for 14 h at 60° C. Thereaction was then cooled and diluted with water and extracted withCH₂Cl₂ to provide the corresponding cyanide 77.

The crude cyanide 77 obtained above, was dissolved in a mixture of MeOH(0.8 mL) and strong NH₃ solution (0.2 mL) and treated with Raney Nickelcatalyst. The whole mixture was then hydrogenated to provide amine 78,which was isolated by filtration through celite.

8-(2-Amino-ethyl)-1-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-1,7,8,9-tetrahydro-chromeno[5,6-d]imidazol-2-ylamine(78a′) was prepared using the procedure described in example 13 andpurified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to provide 78a′·3CH₃CO₂H(12.6 mg). LCMS: LC retention time 0.41 min.; MS (ES⁺) 318.2 (MH⁺).

Example 14 Synthesis of C6-C7 Constrained 2-aminobenzimidazoles(Benzofuran Series)

Vinyl Magnesium Bromide (22.5 ml of a 1M solution in THF, 22.5 mmol) wasslowly added to a cold (0° C.), stirred suspension of CuI (1.5 mmol,0.285 g) and 2,2′-dipyridyl (1.5 mmol, 0.234 g) in dry THF (40 mL).After stirring for 30 min, the reaction was cooled to −78° C. andbromide 63 was added dropwise as a solution in dry THF (10 mL). Thereaction mixture was allowed to warm gradually over 3 h after which itwas quenched with sat. NH₄Cl solution. The reaction was then dilutedwith EtOAc and the aqueous phase was separated. The organic phase wasthen washed with additional sat. NH₄Cl, brine, dried (MgSO₄) andconcentrated to provide crude 79, which was used without any furtherpurification.

Crude 79 obtained above was dissolved in acetone (50 mL) and thereaction mixture was treated with OsO₄ (catalytic) andN-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (1.5 g). After stirring for 14 h at rt, thereaction was evaporated to dryness and purified by column chromatography(silica gel, eluting with 10% EtOAc-50% EtOAc in hexanes) to providediol 80 (1.35 g) as a white solid.

Trimethylacetyl chloride (5.2 mmol, 0.64 mL) was added dropwise to acold (0° C.), stirred solution of diol 80 (3.47 mmol, 0.66 g), Et₃N (5.2mmol, 0.73 mL) and catalytic DMAP in dry CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL). After stirringat rt for 14 h the reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and extracted with5% HCl, sat. NaHCO₃, brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to providepivaloate ester 81, which was used without any further purification.

Acetyl chloride (17 mmol, 1.15 mL) was added dropwise to a cold (0° C.),stirred suspension of pivaloate 81 (3.47 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (17.3 mmol,2.39 g) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL). After stirring for 2 h, the reaction wasdiluted with CH₂Cl₂, filtered (to remove K₂CO₃) and the organic layerwas washed with water, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to provide crude82, which was used without any further purification.

Crude 82 (3.47 mmol) obtained above was cooled in an ice bath and fumingnitric acid (1 mL) was added over 5 min. After stirring at 0° C. for 1h, the reaction was diluted with water and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Theorganic layer was separated and washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) andconcentrated to provide crude 83, which was used without any furtherpurification.

Amine 4 (4.9 mmol) was added to a suspension of crude 83 (3.27 mmol) andCaCO₃ (3.5 mmol, 0.35 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (6 mL). The reaction was stirred for14 h at rt after which it was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and the organic phasewas washed with H₂O, brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to providenitroaniline 84 which was used without any further purification.

A suspension of crude nitroaniline 84 (3.27 mmol) obtained above, K₂CO₃(12.8 mmol, 1.74 g), MeOH (0.75 mL) in dry DMSO (30 mL) was stirred atrt for 2 h and 50° C. for 20 h. The solvent was then removed byconcentration under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved inH₂O and the aq. solution was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combinedorganic layers were then washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) andconcentrated to provide crude 85, which was used without any furtherpurification.

A solution of crude 85 in EtOH (50 mL) was treated with 10% Pd/C (0.1 g)and the mixture was hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 20 h toprovide crude 86 which was used without any further purification.

Benzoylisothiocyanate (3.3 mmol, 0.44 mL) was added to a cold (0° C.)solution of crude 86 in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) and the mixture was stirred foran additional 2 h at rt. Diisopropylethylamine (13.2 mmol, 2.29 mL) wasthen added to the reaction followed by Diisopropylcarbodimide (4.6 mmol,0.72 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 14 h. Thereaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and the organic phase was washed withH₂O. The CH₂Cl₂ layer was then extracted with 5% HCl (2×) and the acidicaqueous layers were combined and washed with EtOAc (1×). The acidicaqueous layer was then basified with solid NaOH till strongly basic(pH >12) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organics, werefurther washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to provide 87,which was used without any further purification.

A mixture of crude 87 (3 mmol), 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) and 10% HCl (6 mL)was refluxed for 14 h after which the reaction mixture was cooled andbasified with solid NaOH till strongly basic (pH >12). The aqueous layerwas extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×) and the combined organic layers werewashed with brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to provide 88.

[2-Amino-1-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-7,8-dihydro-1H-6-oxa-1,3-diaza-as-indacen-7-yl]-methanol(88a′) was prepared according to the general procedure described inexample 14 above. Purification by column chromatography on neutralAlumina (eluting with 2-5% MeOH/0.5% NH₄OH/CH₂Cl₂) provided 88a′ (212mg). LCMS: LC retention time 0.55 min.; MS (ES⁺) 291.2 (MH⁺).

7-Dimethylaminomethyl-1-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-7,8-dihydro-1H-6-oxa-1,3-diaza-as-indacen-2-ylamine(89a′) was prepared from 88a′ according to the procedure described inexample 3 using dimethylamine (excess) as the nucleophile for mesylatedisplacement and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to provide89a′. 3CH₃CO₂H (86 mg). LCMS: LC retention time 0.40 min.; MS (ES⁺)318.2 (MH⁺).

1-(3-Dimethylamino-propyl)-7-1[methyl-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-ylmethyl)-amino]-methyl]-7,8-dihydro-1H-oxa-1,3-diaza-as-indacen-2-ylamine(90ia′) was prepared from 88a′ according to the procedure described inexample 4 using aldehyde 17i and purified by reverse phase preparativeHPLC to provide 90ia′. 3CH₃CO₂H (8 mg). LCMS: LC retention time 0.47min.; MS (ES⁺) 397.3 (MH⁺).

Example 15 Synthesis of Double Constrained 2-aminobenzimidazoles(Benzopyran Series)

tert-Butyldimethylsilylchloride (22.08 mmol, 3.33 g) was added to a cold(0° C.) solution of crude amine 23 (18.4 mmol, 2.43 g, preparedaccording to procedure described in example 6), Et₃N (22.08 mmol, 3.08mL) and DMAP (catalytic) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL). After stirring at rt for14 h, the reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and the organic layer wassequentially washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated toprovide protected amine 91, which was used without any furtherpurification.

Amine 91 (4 mmol) was added to a suspension of diacetate 67 (4 mmol,1.32 g) and CaCO₃ (4 mmol, 0.4 g) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL). After stirring atrt for 14 h, the reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and the organic phasewas washed with water, brine, dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to providecrude 92.

A suspension of 92 (5.46 mmol, 3 g) and KOH (32.76 mmol, 1.84 g) in MeOH(55 mL) was stirred at 40° C. for 48 h after which the reaction mixturewas evaporated to dryness under vacuum. The reaction was purified bycolumn chromatography to provide 93 (770 mg) and 94 (714 mg).

A solution of 94 (1.58 mmol, 0.71 g) in EtOH (30 mL) was treated with10% Pd/C (72 mg) and the mixture was hydrogenated at atmosphericpressure for 20 h to provide crude 95 which was used without any furtherpurification.

Benzoylisothiocyanate (1.38 mmol, 0.186 mL) was added drop-wise to acold (0° C.) solution of 95 (1.38 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL). Afterstirring for 2 h at 0° C., the reaction was treated withdiisopropylethylamine (3.1 mmol, 0.5 mL) and polymer supporteddicyclohexylcarbodiimide (Resin-DCC, 4.14 mmol, 3.34 g of resin). Thereaction was stirred at rt for 14 h after which it was filtered througha sintered glass funnel and the resin was washed with additional CH₂Cl₂.The combined filtrates were collected and evaporated to dryness undervacuum to provide crude 96, which was used without any furtherpurification.

Crude 96 (1.36 mmol, 0.73 g) was refluxed in a mixture of dioxane (0.8mL) and 10% HCl (1.86 mL) for 8 h after which an additional amount of10% HCl (1 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. After stirring at rtfor an additional 14 h, the reaction was basified with solid sodiumhydroxide (ph>12), which resulted in the precipitation of pure 97 thatwas collected, dried and used without any further purification.

Methanesulfonyl chloride (0.96 mmol, 0.075 mL) was added to a cold (0°C.) solution of 97 (0.34 mmol, 0.117 g), triethylamine (0.96 mmol, 0.13mL) and DMAP (catalytic) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL). After stirring for 3 h,the reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and the organic phase wassequentially washed with sat. Na₂CO₃, brine, dried and concentrated toprovide crude 98, which was used without any further purification.

The desired amine (1-5 eq) was added to a solution of crude 98 (0.96mmol) in DMF (0.2 mL) and the reaction was heated at 40-50° C. for 14 h.The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the residue was purified byreverse phase preparative HPLC to provide 99.

Benzimidazole 100 is prepared from intermediate 98 by following thegeneral procedure outlined in example 4.

(10-Dimethylaminomethyl-2,3,8,9,10,11-hexahydro-1H-4-oxa-7,8,11a-triaza-benzo[c]-fluoren-2-ylmethyl)-dimethyl-amine(99a′) was prepared from 98 according to the procedure described inexample 15 using dimethylamine (excess) as the nucleophile for mesylatedisplacement and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to provide99a′. 3CH₃CO₂H (20 mg). LCMS: LC retention time 0.39 min.; MS (ES⁺)344.3 (MH⁺).

Example 16 Synthesis of Double Constrained 2-aminobenzimidazoles(Benzofuran Series)

Benzimidazole 108 and 109 are prepared according to the generalprocedure outlined in example 15 except that pivaloate 83 (example 14)is used as the starting material in place of 67.

Example 17 Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Constrained2-aminobenzimidazoles

Benzimidazoles consisting of a single enantiomer and/or diastereomer areprepared according to the general procedures used in examples 1-16,except that chirally pure synthons may be substituted for the achiralones utilized in the previous examples. These synthons are eithercommercially available, known in the scientific literature, or readilyprepared from known materials according to techniques known in the art.As an example, the compounds of examples 14 and 16 can be prepared usingan enantiomerically enriched epoxide, which is commercially available.Subsequent elaborations as described in previous examples provide thedesired compounds.

Example 18 Mass Spectrometry Based Binding Asay

Screening was performed by measuring the formation of non-covalentcomplexes between a single ligand or ligand mixture and the appropriateRNA target, along with suitable control structured RNA target(s)simultaneously using a 9.4 T FF-ICR mass spectrometer as detector. Fullexperimental details of the assay have been described in relatedliterature (Sannes-Lowery, et al. in TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem. 2000, 19,481-491 and Sannes-Lowery, et al. in Anal. Biochem. 2000, 280, 264-271.In a typical experiment, 10 μL of an aqueous solution containing 100 mMammonium acetate buffer, 2.5 or 5 μM of each RNA, and 33% isopropylalcohol (to aid ion desolvation) was prepared with differentconcentrations of each ligand or ligand mixture Samples were introducedinto the electrospray ionization source (negative ionization mode) at 1μL/min and ions were stored for 1 sec in an RF-only hexapole followingdesolvation. The abundances were integrated from the respective ions forfree RNA and the ligand-RNA complex. The primary (1:1 RNA:ligand) andsecondary (1:2 complex, if observed). Screening was operated in twomodes. In ‘HTS’ mode, mixtures of 812 compounds were screenedsimultaneously to determine hits, and in ‘SAR’ mode, K_(D) values weredetermined by titrating a single ligand through a concentration range of0.25-25 μM. The peak ratios were measured at each concentration, then aplot of complex/free RNA versus concentration of ligand added was fittedto a second (or higher) order binding polynomial to determine the K_(D).For measuring binding to the HCV IRES, RNA subdomains from 20-100residues were prepared by commercial synthesis which assume the samestructure as known in the literature of the HCV IRES and 5-UTR. Thesesubdomains generally include a stable tetraloop (such as GAGA or UUCG),certain stabilizing base pairs (such as substituted GC and CG pairs forweaker pairs), as well as the residues in the natural sequences of HCVisolates. For the stem IIa region, these sequences include, but are notlimited to (5′ to 3′): CCU GUG AGG AAC UAC UGU CUU CAC GCA GAA AGC GUCUAG CCA UGG CGU UAG UAU GAG UGU CGU GCA GCC UCC AGG, GGA GGA ACU GCU GGAGAC GCG CAG CCU CC, GGA GGA ACU ACU GGA GAC GUG CAG CCU CC, GGA GGA ACUAGC GAG AGC UGC AGC CUC C, and GAG GAA CUA CUG UCU UCA CGC ACC GAG AGGUGA GUG UCG UGC AGC CUC.

More particular presentation of the stem region IIa of the 5′-UTR of HCVRNA can be more fully understood according to the following literaturereferences: Kieft, J. S.; Zhou, K.; Jubin, R.; Murray, M. G.; Lau, J.Y.; Doudna, J. A. J. Mol. Biol. 1999, 292, 513-529; Honda, M.; Beard, M.R.; Ping, L. H.; Lemon, S. M. J. Virol. 1999, 73, 1165-1174; Zhao, W.D.; Wimmer, E. J. Virol. 2001, 75, 3719-3730, particularly the residuesencompassed by the grey shaded area of FIG. 2 as found therein. The stemIIa region of the 5′-UTR of HCV RNA can also be understood as astructure formed by residues 52-65 and residues 102-111 of the HCV RNA(Genbank accession number NC_(—)004102) and naturally occurringvariations thereof. It has been surprisingly found that binding to stemregion IIa of the 5′-UTR of HCV RNA inhibits replication of HCV.Accordingly, the present invention provides methods for inhibiting HCVreplication by contacting HCV with a compound that binds said stemregion IIa. In specific embodiments, the methods contemplate binding atconcentrations of less than about 50 micromolar (GM). In some particularembodiments, the methods contemplate binding at concentrations of lessthan about 10 μM.

In some embodiments, compounds according to the invention may beprepared according to the following discussion. In general, compoundsaccording to the present invention selectively bind to HCV IRES.Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) for a class of compounds may bedetermined by measuring the K_(D) for various compounds within the classhaving a variety of structural features. There are some general rulesthat guide the artisan in determining whether an active compound isselectively active enough to be considered a candidate for furtherdevelopment (candidate). In this context, it should be recognized thatcompound that does not qualify as a candidate, nonetheless may haveutility as either a positive or negative control in an assay, or mayqualify as an assay standard, etc. However, a candidate will generallyhave an estimated K_(D) on the order of about 100 μM, will be at leastabout 4 fold more selective for the target than for non-targets, willgenerally demonstrate single-site binding, and will be amenable to SARas a class. For example, for the following Table 1, the target compound(ligand, 50 μM) and IIa target (2.5 μM) were incubated to give theindicated binding percentages of ligand to target. TABLE 1

56% binding 15% 15% 11% 6%

The following Table 2 shows the progression in binding affinity and MStarget selectivity for some modifications on the 2-aminobenzimidazolering. TABLE 2

Est. K_(D) ˜100 ˜40 ˜10 (μM) MS target ˜3 ˜10 ˜15 selectivity

As can be seen in the foregoing Table 2, the selected modificationsresulted in an approximately 10-fold improvement in binding affinity andabout a 5-fold improvement in target selectivity across the series. Ascan be seen from the following Table 3, each of the N1, 2- and6-position substituents are critical for binding to HCV IRES. TABLE 3

Est. K_(D) ˜10 ˜100 >500 >500 (μM) MS ˜15 ˜3 ˜2 ˜1 Target Selectivity

SAR was performed on the C6-alkyl “tether” (i.e. the alkylene moietyconnecting O6 to the amine group. The results for the compounds beloware shown in Table 4: TABLE 4

n K_(D)(μM) Target Selectivity 2 7 7 3 9 15 4 8 11

As can be seen above, the K_(D) at this site is relatively insensitiveto tether length, but target selectivity can be improved about 2-fold byselecting n=3 versus n=2.

In the following Table 5, various C-6 side chain modifications arepresented, along with their K_(D) values. TABLE 5

K_(D) K_(D) R (μM) R (μM)

3.6

2.3

4.6

3.4

3.7

7.1

0.71

2.2

5.5

0.66

0.78

0.44

2.6

0.74

2.7

2.3

0.78

0.83

1.0

1.9

3.1

2.2

0.49

2.6

2.2

0.66

4.5

2.3

1.8

0.51

2.7

2.3

0.78

0.83

1.0

Further SAR was performed at the 6-Position on the N- of the(4-aminobutoxy) group. The results of this SAR are shown in Table 6below: TABLE 6

R K_(D) (μM) R K_(D) (μM) R K_(D) (μM)

3.2

2.14

2.1

5.6

5.8

4.4

5.4

8.5

6.5

4.4

6.5

21

In order to probe the effect of constraining the N1 and N2 side chains,the constrained compound:

-   -   which had a K_(D) of 0.67 LM, as compared to a K_(D) of 3.6 μM        for the unconstrained compound:

It would appear from the foregoing observation that the constrained N2side chain has favorable binding characteristics. Accordingly, it washypothesized that N1-N2 constrained compounds could be identified havingimproved properties by probing the SAR of 6-position substitutionshaving a shared constrained core. The results of this study arepresented in Table 7 below: TABLE 7

R K_(D) (μM) R K_(D) (μM)

0.67

0.35

0.43

0.53

Example 19 Replicon Assay

The Ntat2ANeo replicon containing cell line was obtained from Dr. S.Lemon at the University of Galvaston. Cells were grown, handled, treatedwith compound, and evaluated for HCV RNA levels as described previously(Yi, M.; Bodola, F.; Lemon, S. M. Virology 2002, 304, 197-210.) Briefly,the Ntat2ANeo cells were seeded into 96-well plates. The media wasreplaced 24 h later with fresh, G418-free media containing the indicatedconcentrations of drug. After the appropriate incubation period, cellswere harvested, and quantitative RT-PCR assays were carried out usingTaqMan chemistry on a PRISM 7700 instrument (ABI). For detection andquantitation of HCV RNA, primers complementary to the 5′-NTR region ofHCV (Takeuchi, T., Katsume, A., Tanaka, T., Abe, A., Inoue, K.,Tsukiyama-Kohara, K., Kawaguchi, R., Tanaka, S., and Kohara, M.Gastroenterology 1999, 116, 636-642.) were used. Results were normalizedto the estimated total RNA content of the sample, as determined by theabundance of cellular GAPDH mRNA detected in a similar real-time RT-PCRassay using reagents provided with TaqMan GAPDH Control Reagents (Human)(Applied Biosystems).

Example 20 MTT Toxicity Assay

The MTT cell proliferation assay was used to test our compounds for celltoxicity (v van de Loosdrecht, A. A.; Beelen, R. H.; Ossenkoppele, G.J.; Broekhoven, M. G.; Langenhuijsen, M. M. J. Immunol. Methods 1994,174, 311-320. The assay kit was purchased from American Type CultureCollection (Manassas, Va., USA), and treatment of cells and the specificassay protocol was carried out according to the manufacturer'srecommendations. The MTT cell proliferation assay measures cellviability and growth by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. The yellowtetrazolium salt is reduced in metabolically active cells to form purpleformazan crystals which are solubilized by the addition of detergent.The color was quantified by spectrophotometric means. For each cell typea linear relationship between cell number and absorbance is established,enabling quantification of changes of proliferation.

Compounds according to the present invention were subjected to areplicon assay as described in example 19, as well as an MMT assay asdescribed in example 20. Advantageous compounds according to embodimentsof the present invention include, but are not limited to, those listedin Table 8. TABLE 8 Kd to IIa Replicon MTT CC₅₀ Compound target (μM)IC₅₀ (μM) (μM); time (h)

3.8 37.1 IBIS00403514

4.5 28.7 >100 (48) IBIS00408169

4.0 13.7 >100 (48) IBIS00528633

1.7 19.2 >100 (48) IBIS00528634

1 42.3    90 (48) IBIS00528635

1.2 27.2    90 (48) IBIS00528636

0.56 14.2 >100 (48) IBIS00528637

3.4 14.1 >100 (48) IBIS00554807

4.3 24.0 >100 (48) IBIS0055481 1

5.1 18.2 >100 (48) IBIS00554813

0.78 4.0    50 (48) IBIS00554842

3.1 >100 >100 (48) IBIS00554843

1.7 4.9 >100 (48) IBIS00554844

5 15.3 >100 (48) IBIS00554886

8.8 >100 >100 (48) IBIS00554888

5.9 57.9 >100 (48) IBIS00554889

110 11.6 >100 (48) IBIS00560002

2.2 9.0 >100 (48) IBIS00560020

3.4 >100 >100 (48) IBIS00560024

9.4 71.2 >100 (48) IBIS00560025

18 21.7 >100 (48) IBIS00560031

2.1 1.5 >100 (48) IBIS00560047

11 23.0 >100 (48) IBIS00560048

3.1 51.6 >100 (48) IBIS00560100

5.5 >100 >100 (48) IBIS00560101

10.4 3.3 >100 (48) IBIS00560102

17.2 42.7 >100 (48) IBIS00560121

19.6 >100 >100 (48) IBIS00560122

21.1 5.4 >100 (48) IBIS00560146

Example 21 Acute In Vivo Toxicity Study

A single dose toxicity study was performed to investigate the toxicityof representative compounds. Briefly, 3-4 female mice per group wereadministered 0, 5, or 45 mg/kg drug (intraperitoneal) on consecutivedays for 3 days. At the end of the study, mice were sacrificed, andclinical signs, body weights, clinical pathology, organ weights, andhistopathology endpoints were evaluated. Representative compounds werefound to exert no obvious toxic effects at pharmacologically relevantdoses. The data is summarized in Table 9. The gross findings at necropsywere minor and limited to discolorations in liver and kidney or largegallbladder in {fraction (4/18)} mice (no dose response and unclearrelationship to drug). The organ weights showed no effects. There wereno drug-related effects on clinical pathology. TABLE 9 Structure IbisNumber Clinical Signs

IBIS00553642 No significant toxicity at 5 and 45 mg/kg doses.

IBIS00408094 No significant toxicity at 5 and 45mg/kg doses.

IBIS00405746 No significant toxicity at 5 mg/kg dose.

Example 22 Single Dose In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Study

A single dose pharmacokinetic study was performed to investigate thepharmacokinetics of representative compounds. Of particular interest wasthe ability of the compounds to accumulate in liver, which is the targettissue for HCV chemotherapy as it is the primary reservoir of virus. 3-4rats per group were administered a single dose (3 mg/kg intravenously,IV or 6 mg/kg orally, PO). Blood samples were taken at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2,3, 4, 6, and 8 h timepoints, and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated.The data is summarized in Table 10. Both representative compounds wererapidly distributed to tissues, as evidenced by the high clearance ratesand volumes of distribution, and low levels of excretion (ca 10% oftotal drug in urine and feces at 8 h). Major tissues were examined forpresence of drug. Liver, kidney, and lung showed the highestconcentration, with liver concentrations achieving ca 8 μg/g tissue 8 hafter a single 3 mg/kg IV dose. The tissue accumulation for the IV doseis shown in FIG. 1, as a function of concentration and percent of totaladministered dose. Oral bioavailability was also studied, and bothcompounds showed ca 25% oral plasma bioavailability. The plasmaconcentration vs. time profile for both IV and PO dosing routes for arepresentative compound is shown in FIG. 2. This data provides that thecompounds described herein are present in target tissues, includingliver, following oral administration to show an antiviral effect invivo. TABLE 10

IBIS00405678 IBIS00528637 Parameter Units Mean % CV Mean % CV Originalmg/kg 3.0 3.0 Dose AUC ng*Hours/ml 311 21.3 165 2.9 AUC ng*Hours/ml 192851.2 320 19.0 Extrap Co ng/ml 201 11.4 219 10.0 T1/2 Hours 37.5 55.4 1443.8 MRT Hours 3.1 5.8 2 5.6 CL mL/hr/kg 2069 72.6 9585 17.1 Vdss mL/kg82806 22.9 136706 29.5 % AUC % 80.0 14.6 47 21.8 Extrap

Each of the patents, applications, and printed publications, includingbooks, mentioned in this patent document is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. This application further relates toprovisional Ser. No. 60/429,595 filed Nov. 26, 2002, now PCT applicationbearing the same title and is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

As those skilled in the art will appreciate, numerous changes andmodifications may be made to the preferred embodiments of the inventionwithout departing from the spirit of the invention. It is intended thatall such variations fall within the scope of the invention.

1. A method comprising: providing a compound of the formula:

wherein R^(N1) is a substituent of formula G¹-NX¹X², wherein G¹ is anoptionally further substituted alkylene, which optionally forms,together with R^(N2), a cyclo ring, R^(N2) is H or together with R^(N1)forms a cyclo ring and each of X¹ and X² is independently H or anN-substituent, or X¹ and X² together form a heterocyclic ring, or X¹together with G¹ forms a cyclic group and X² is H or an N-substituent;and each of Z¹, Z², Z³ and Z⁴ is independently H or a substituent, ortwo of Z¹, Z², Z³ and Z⁴ together form an optionally substituted ring,and further wherein at least one of Z¹, Z², Z³ and Z⁴ is other than H;and administering an amount of said compound or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof to a subject.
 2. The method of claim 1, whereinsaid method further comprises obtaining an HCV titer of said subject. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein said subject is an animal.
 4. The methodof claim 1, wherein said subject is a mammal.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein said subject is a human.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein saidsubject is in need of treatment or prophylaxis of HCV.
 7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said compound is administered to said subject in ananti-HCV effective amount.
 8. A compound of the following formula:

wherein R^(N1) is a substituent of formula G¹-NX¹X², wherein G¹ is anoptionally further substituted alkylene, which optionally forms,together with R^(N2), a cyclo ring, R^(N2) is H or together with R^(N1)forms a cyclo ring and each of X¹ and X² is independently H or anN-substituent, or X¹ and X² together form a heterocyclic ring, or X¹together with G¹ forms a cyclic group and X² is H or an N-substituent;and each of Z¹, Z², Z³ and Z⁴ is independently H or a substituent, ortwo of Z¹, Z², Z³ and Z⁴ together form an optionally substituted ring,and further wherein at least one of Z¹, Z³ and Z⁴ is other than H; andfurther where Z² is other than H and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.
 9. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein G² is O, S, NH, NR^(N7), or CH₂, and R^(N7) is alkyl or acyl;Ak¹ is optionally substituted alkylenyl or together with R^(N5) orR^(N6) forms a ring, Ak² is alkylenyl or together with one of R^(N3) orR^(N4) forms a heterocyclyl ring, R^(N3) is H or a substituent ortogether with Ak² forms said heterocyclyl ring, R^(N4) is H or asubstituent or together with Ak² forms said heterocyclyl ring, ortogether R^(N3) and R^(N4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionallyfurther substituted with one or more substituents; each of R^(N5) is Hor a substituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) andR^(N6) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted withone or more substituents.
 10. The compound of claim 9, having theformula:

wherein each of R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or asubstituent, or together R^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that isoptionally further substituted with one or more substituents; each ofR^(N5) is H or a substituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N5) and R^(N6) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents.
 11. The compound of claim 9,wherein G² is
 0. 12. The compound of claim 9, wherein each of R^(N3),R^(N4), R^(N5) and R^(N6) is C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 13. The compound of claim 9,wherein each of R^(N3), R^(N4), R^(N5) and R^(N6) is methyl.
 14. Thecompound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein q is 0 or 1, p is 0 or 1, Ak¹ is optionally further substitutedalkylenyl, or together with R^(N5) or R^(N6) forms a heterocyclyl ring,Ak³ is optionally further substituted alkylenyl, or together with R^(N3)or R^(N4) forms a heterocyclyl ring, R^(N3) is H or a substituent ortogether with Ak³ forms a heterocyclyl ring, R^(N4) is H or asubstituent or together with Ak³ forms a heterocyclyl ring, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclyl ring that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; R^(N5) is H or a substituentor together with Ak¹ forms a heterocyclyl ring, R^(N6) is H or asubstituent is H or a substituent or together with Ak¹ forms aheterocyclyl ring, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6) form a heterocyclylring that is optionally further substituted with one or moresubstituents; R^(a) is H or a substituent and R^(b) is H or asubstituent.
 15. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein q is 0 or 1, p is 0 or 1, Ak¹ is optionally further substitutedalkylenyl, or together with R^(N5) or R^(N6) forms a heterocyclyl ring,Ak³ is optionally further substituted alkylenyl, or together with R^(N3)or R^(N4) forms a heterocyclyl ring, R^(N3) is H or a substituent ortogether with Ak³ forms a heterocyclyl ring, R^(N4) is H or asubstituent or together with Ak³ forms a heterocyclyl ring, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclyl ring that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; R^(N5) is H or a substituentor together with Ak¹ forms a heterocyclyl ring, R^(N6) is H or asubstituent is H or a substituent or together with Ak¹ forms aheterocyclyl ring, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6) form a heterocyclylring that is optionally further substituted with one or moresubstituents; R^(a) is H or a substituent and R^(b) is H or asubstituent.
 16. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein m is 0 or 1, n is 0 or an integer of from 1 to 6, p is 0 or 1,Ak¹ is optionally further substituted alkylenyl, or together with R^(N5)or R^(N6) forms a heterocyclyl ring, Ak³ is optionally furthersubstituted alkylenyl, or together with R^(N3) or R^(N4) forms aheterocyclyl ring, R^(N3) is H or a substituent or together with Ak³forms a heterocyclyl ring, R^(N4) is H or a substituent or together withAk³ forms a heterocyclyl ring, or together R^(N3) and R^(R4) form acyclyl ring that is optionally further substituted with one or moresubstituents; R^(N5) is H or a substituent or together with Ak¹ forms aheterocyclyl ring, R^(N6) is H or a substituent is H or a substituent ortogether with Ak¹ forms a heterocyclyl ring, or together R^(N5) andR^(N6) form a heterocyclyl ring that is optionally further substitutedwith one or more substituents; R^(a) is H or a substituent and R^(b) isH or a substituent.
 17. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein m is 0 or 1, n is 0 or an integer of from 1 to 3, p is 0 or 1,Ak¹ is optionally further substituted alkylenyl, R^(N3) is H or asubstituent and R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N3) andR^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted withone or more substituents; each of R^(N5) is H or a substituent, R^(N6)is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6) form a cyclicmoiety that is optionally further substituted with one or moresubstituents; and each of Z¹, Z³ and Z⁴ is H or C₁-C₃ alkyl.
 18. Thecompound of claim 17, wherein each of R^(N3), R^(N4), R^(N5) and R^(N6)is C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 19. The compound of claim 17, wherein each of R^(N3),R^(N4), R^(N5) and R^(N6) is methyl.
 20. The compound of claim 17,wherein R^(N3) is H or a substituent; R^(N4) is H or a substituent,R^(N5) is H and R^(N6) is a heterocyclyl moiety, which is optionallyfurther substituted.
 21. The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(N3) is Hor a substituent; R^(N4) is H or a substituent, R^(N5) is H and R^(N6)is a piperidin-4-yl or pyrrolidin-2-yl, which is optionally furthersubstituted.
 22. The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(N3) is H or asubstituent; R^(N4) is H or a substituent, R^(N5) is H and R^(N6) ispiperidin-4-yl or pyrrolidin-2-yl, which is optionally furthersubstituted.
 23. The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(N3) is H or asubstituent; R^(N4) is H or a substituent, R^(N5) is H and R^(N6) is aheterocyclyl moiety, which is further substituted with a benzyl group.24. The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(N3) is alkyl and R^(N4) isalkyl.
 25. The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(N3) is methyl and R^(N4)is methyl.
 26. The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(N5) and R^(N6)together form a heterocyclyl ring, which is optionally furthersubstituted.
 27. The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(N5) and R^(N6)together form a piperidinyl ring, which is optionally furthersubstituted.
 28. The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(N5) and R^(N6)together form a piperidinyl ring, which is substituted with aheterocyclyl moiety.
 29. The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(N5) andR^(N6) together form a piperidinyl ring, which is substituted with apyrrolidinyl moiety.
 30. The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(N5) isalkyl.
 31. The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(N6) is substitutedalkyl.
 32. The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(N6) is substitutedalkyl, which is substituted with a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclylmoiety, which heterocylyl moiety is optionally further substituted. 33.The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(N6) is substituted alkyl, which issubstituted with a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclyl moiety, whichheterocylyl moiety is optionally further substituted with an alkyl, Cl,Br, or hydroxymethyl group.
 34. The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(N6)is substituted alkyl, which is substituted with a fully unsaturatedheterocyclyl moiety, which heterocylyl moiety is optionally furthersubstituted.
 35. The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(N6) is substitutedalkyl, which is substituted with a fully unsaturated heterocyclylmoiety, which heterocylyl moiety has from 5 to 8 ring members, of which1 to 3 ring members are N, O or S, and which heterocyclyl is optionallyfurther substituted.
 36. The compound of claim 17, wherein R^(e) issubstituted alkyl, which is substituted with a fully unsaturatedheterocyclyl moiety, which heterocylyl is an optionally furthersubstituted pyrrolyl, pyrenyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl,pyrimidinyl, furanyl, pyranyl, thiophenyl, thiopyranyl, thiazolyl,oxazolyl, azepinyl, or diazepinyl.
 37. The compound of claim 17, whereinR^(N6) is substituted alkyl, which is substituted with a member of thegroup consisting of an optionally substituted pyrrolyl, an optionallysubstituted pyridinyl, an optionally substituted furanyl, an optionallysubstituted thiophenyl and an optionally substituted thiazolyl.
 38. Thecompound of claim 17 wherein R^(N3) and R^(N4) combine to form aheterocyclyl ring, which is optionally further substituted.
 39. Thecompound of claim 17, wherein R^(N3) and R^(N4) combine to form aheterocyclyl ring, which is an optionally further substitutedpyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidiny-1-yl, N-morpholino, N-thiomorpholino,homopiperidiny-1-yl, N-homomorpholino or N-homothiomorpholino.
 40. Thecompound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein each of R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or asubstituent, or together R^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that isoptionally further substituted with one or more substituents; each ofR^(N5) is H or a substituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N5) and R^(N6) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents.
 41. The compound of claim 8,having the formula:

wherein G² is O, S, NH, NR, or CH₂, t is 0 or 1, w is 0 or 1, RC is H ora substituent, R^(d) is H or a substituent, is C₁-C₆ alkylenyl, which isoptionally further substituted; Ak⁴ is C₁-C₆ alkylenyl, which isoptionally further substituted; R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) isH or a substituent, or together R^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moietythat is optionally further substituted with one or more substituents;each of R^(N5) is H or a substituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, ortogether R^(N5) and R^(N6) form a cyclic moiety that is optionallyfurther substituted with one or more substituents.
 42. The compound ofclaim 8, having the formula:

wherein Ak² is C₁-C₆ alkylenyl, which is optionally further substituted;Ak⁴ is C₁-C₆ alkylenyl, which is optionally further substituted; R^(N3)is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N3)and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substitutedwith one or more substituents; each of R^(N5) is H or a substituent,R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6) form acyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one or moresubstituents.
 43. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein Ak² is C₁-C₆ alkylenyl, which is optionally further substituted;Ak⁴ is C₁-C₆ alkylenyl, which is optionally further substituted; R^(N3)is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N3)and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substitutedwith one or more substituents; each of R^(N5) is H or a substituent,R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6) form acyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one or moresubstituents.
 44. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein Ak² is C₁-C₆ alkylenyl, which is optionally further substituted;Ak⁴ is C₁-C₆ alkylenyl, which is optionally further substituted; R^(N3)is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N3)and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substitutedwith one or more substituents; each of R^(N5) is H or a substituent,R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6) form acyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one or moresubstituents.
 45. The compound of claim 44, wherein R^(N3) is H or asubstituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N3) and R^(R4)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; each of R^(N5) is H or a substituent, R^(N6) is H ora substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6) form a cyclic moiety thatis optionally further substituted with one or more substituents.
 46. Thecompound of claim 44, wherein R^(N3) is H or alkyl and R^(N4) is H oralkyl.
 47. The compound of claim 44, wherein R^(N3) is H or C₁-C₃ alkyland R^(N4) is H or C₁-C₃ alkyl.
 48. The compound of claim 44, whereinR^(N3) is H and R^(N4) is H.
 49. The compound of claim 44, whereinR^(N3) is methyl and R^(N4) is methyl.
 50. The compound of claim 44,wherein R^(N5) is H or alkyl and R^(N6) is H or alkyl.
 51. The compoundof claim 44, wherein R^(N5) is H or C₁-C₃ alkyl and R^(N6) is H or C₁-C₃alkyl.
 52. The compound of claim 44, wherein R^(N5) is H and R^(N6) isH.
 53. The compound of claim 44, wherein R^(N5) is methyl and R^(N6) ismethyl.
 54. The compound of claim 44, wherein Ak is methylenyl orethylenyl.
 55. The compound of claim 44, wherein Ak is methylenyl. 56.The compound of claim 44, wherein Ak is ethyleneyl.
 57. The compound ofclaim 44, wherein R^(N5) is H or alkyl and R^(N6) is optionallysubstituted alkyl.
 58. The compound of claim 44, wherein R^(N5) is alkyland R^(N6) is substituted alkyl.
 59. The compound of claim 44, whereinR^(N5) is alkyl and R^(N6) is alkyl substituted with NR^(N7)R^(N8),wherein R^(N7) is H or alkyl and R^(N8) is H or alkyl.
 60. The compoundof claim 44, wherein R^(N5) is H or alkyl and R^(N6) is alkylsubstituted with an optionally further substituted heterocyclyl group.61. The compound of claim 44, wherein R^(N5) is alkyl and R^(N6) isalkyl substituted with an optionally further substituted fullyunsaturated heterocyclyl group.
 62. The compound of claim 44, whereinR^(N6) is alkyl substituted with an optionally further substituted fullyunsaturated heterocyclyl having from 5 to 8 ring members, of which 1 to3 are members of the group consisting of N, S and O, wherein the N mayhave a H to complete its valency requirement, or be further substitutedwith an alkyl group.
 63. The compound of claim 44, wherein R^(N6) isalkyl substituted with an optionally further substituted heterocyclylhaving from 5 to 7 ring members and 1 to 2 nitrogens in the ring. 64.The compound of claim 44, wherein R^(N6) is alkyl substituted with anoptionally further substituted pyrrolyl or imidazolyl.
 65. The compoundof claim 44, wherein R^(N6) is alkyl substituted with anN-alkyl-2-pyrrolyl.
 66. The compound of claim 44, wherein R^(N6) isalkyl substituted with imidazol-2-yl.
 67. The compound of claim 44,wherein R^(N6), together with the N to which it is attached, forms aguanidino group.
 68. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein G² is O, S, NH, NR^(N7), or CH₂; Ak² is C₁-C₆ alkylenyl, whichis optionally further substituted; Ak⁴ is C₁-C₆ alkylenyl, which isoptionally further substituted; R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) isH or a substituent, or together R^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moietythat is optionally further substituted with one or more substituents;each of R^(N5) is H or a substituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, ortogether R^(N5) and R^(N6) form a cyclic moiety that is optionallyfurther substituted with one or more substituents; and R^(d) is H or asubstituent; Z³ is H or a substituent, Z⁴ is H or a substituent; andR^(N7) is alkyl or acyl.
 69. The compound of claim 8, having theformula:

wherein Ak² is C₂-C₄ alkylenyl, which is optionally further substituted;Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, which is optionally further substituted; R^(N3)is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N3)and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substitutedwith one or more substituents; each of R^(N5) is H or a substituent,R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6) form acyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one or moresubstituents; Z³ is H, alkyl, CF₃, F, Cl or Br; Z⁴ is H, alkyl, CF₃, F,Cl or Br, and R^(d) is H or alkyl.
 70. The compound of claim 69, whereinR^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; each of R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents.
 71. The compound of claim 69, wherein R^(N3) is H oralkyl and R^(N4) is H or alkyl.
 72. The compound of claim 69, whereinR^(N3) is H or C₁-C₃ alkyl and R^(N4) is H or C₁-C₃ alkyl.
 73. Thecompound of claim 69, wherein R^(N3) is H and R^(N4) is H.
 74. Thecompound of claim 69, wherein R^(N3) is methyl and R^(N4) is methyl. 75.The compound of claim 69, wherein R^(N5) is H or alkyl and R^(N6) is Hor alkyl.
 76. The compound of claim 69, wherein R^(N5) is H or C₁-C₃alkyl and R^(N6) is H or C₁-C₃ alkyl.
 77. The compound of claim 69,wherein R^(N5) is H and R^(N6) is H.
 78. The compound of claim 69,wherein R^(N5) is methyl and R^(N6) is methyl.
 79. The compound of claim69, wherein Ak is methylenyl or ethylenyl.
 80. The compound of claim 69,wherein Ak is methylenyl.
 81. The compound of claim 69, wherein Ak isethyleneyl.
 82. The compound of claim 69, wherein R^(N5) is H or alkyland R^(N6) is optionally substituted alkyl.
 83. The compound of claim69, wherein R^(N5) is alkyl and R^(N6) is substituted alkyl.
 84. Thecompound of claim 69, wherein R^(N5) is alkyl and R^(N6) is alkylsubstituted with NR^(N7)R^(N8), wherein R^(N7) is H or alkyl and R^(N8)is H or alkyl.
 85. The compound of claim 69, wherein R^(N5) is H oralkyl and R^(N6) is alkyl substituted with an optionally furthersubstituted heterocyclyl group.
 86. The compound of claim 69, whereinR^(N5) is alkyl and R^(N6) is alkyl substituted with an optionallyfurther substituted fully unsaturated heterocyclyl group.
 87. Thecompound of claim 69, wherein R^(N6) is alkyl substituted with anoptionally further substituted fully unsaturated heterocyclyl havingfrom 5 to 8 ring members, of which 1 to 3 are members of the groupconsisting of N, S and O, wherein the N may have a H to complete itsvalency requirement, or be further substituted with an alkyl group. 88.The compound of claim 69, wherein R^(N6) is alkyl substituted with anoptionally further substituted heterocyclyl having from 5 to 7 ringmembers and 1 to 2 nitrogens in the ring.
 89. The compound of claim 69,wherein R^(N6) is alkyl substituted with an optionally furthersubstituted pyrrolyl or imidazolyl.
 90. The compound of claim 69,wherein R^(N6) is alkyl substituted with an N-alkyl-2-pyrrolyl.
 91. Thecompound of claim 69, wherein R^(N6) is alkyl substituted withimidazol-2-yl.
 92. The compound of claim 69, wherein R^(N6), togetherwith the N to which it is attached, forms a guanidino group.
 93. Thecompound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein Ak is C₁-C₆ alkylene, which is optionally further substituted;R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; each of R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents.
 94. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein g is 0 or 1; f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or a substituent; Z⁴ is H or asubstituent; Y¹ is Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4) or NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ isalkylenyl, R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent,or together R^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionallyfurther substituted with one or more substituents; Y² isAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6) or NR^(N5)R^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is alkylenyl, R^(N5) isH or a substituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) andR^(N6) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted withone or more substituents; G² is O, S, NH, Ne or CH₂, wherein R^(N7) isalkyl or acyl.
 95. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein g is 0 or 1; f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹is Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N3) is H or asubstituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N3) and R^(R4)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; Y² is Ak⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃alkylenyl, R^(e) is H or a substituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, ortogether R^(N5) and R^(N6) form a cyclic moiety that is optionallyfurther substituted with one or more substituents.
 96. The compound ofclaim 8, having the formula:

wherein one of R^(c), R^(d) and R^(e) is Y¹, wherein Y¹ is Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents, and the other two of R^(c),R^(d) and R^(e) are each independently H or a substituent; and one ofR^(f), R^(g) and R^(h) is Y², wherein Y² is NR^(N5)R^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents, and the other two of R^(f), R^(g) and R^(h) areindependently H or a substituent.
 97. The compound of claim 96, whereinR^(c) is Y¹.
 98. The compound of claim 96, wherein R^(d) is Y¹.
 99. Thecompound of claim 96, wherein R^(e) is Y¹.
 100. The compound of claim96, wherein Y¹ is NR^(N3)R^(N4).
 101. The compound of claim 96, whereinR^(N3) is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl substitued cycloalkyl,heterocyclyl or substituted heterocyclyl.
 102. The compound of claim 96,wherein R^(N4) is alkyl.
 103. The compound of claim 96, wherein R^(N3)and R^(N4), together to the N to which they are attached, form anoptionally substituted heterocyclyl group.
 104. The compound of claim96, wherein Y¹ is Ak³NR^(N3)R^(N4).
 105. The compound of claim 96,wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₆ alkylenyl.
 106. The compound of claim 96, whereinAk³ is methylenyl or ethylenyl.
 107. The compound of claim 96, whereinZ³ is H or alkyl.
 108. The compound of claim 96, wherein Z⁴ is H oralkyl.
 109. The compound of claim 96, wherein R^(f) is Y².
 110. Thecompound of claim 96, wherein R^(g) is Y².
 111. The compound of claim96, wherein R^(h) is Y².
 112. The compound of claim 96, wherein Y² isNR^(N5)R^(N6).
 113. The compound of claim 96, wherein Y² isAk⁴NR^(N5)R^(N6).
 114. The compound of claim 96, wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₆alkylene.
 115. The compound of claim 96, wherein Ak⁴ is methylenyl,ethylenyl or 1,3-propylenyl.
 116. The compound of claim 8, having theformula:

wherein one of R^(e), R^(d) and R^(e) is wherein Y¹ is Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents, and the other two of R^(c),R^(d) and R^(e) are each independently H or a substituent; and one ofR^(g) and R^(h) is Y², wherein Y² is NR^(N5)R^(N6) or Ak⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6),wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or a substituent, R^(N6) isH or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6) form a cyclic moietythat is optionally further substituted with one or more substituents,and the other of R^(g) and R^(h) is H or a substituent.
 117. Thecompound of claim 116, wherein R^(c) is Y¹.
 118. The compound of claim116, wherein R^(d) is Y¹.
 119. The compound of claim 116, wherein R^(e)is Y¹.
 120. The compound of claim 116, wherein Y¹ is NR^(N3)R^(N4). 121.The compound of claim 116, wherein R^(N3) is H, alkyl, substitutedalkyl, cycloalkyl substitued cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or substitutedheterocyclyl.
 122. The compound of claim 116, wherein R^(N4) is alkyl.123. The compound of claim 116, wherein R^(N3) and R^(N4), together tothe N to which they are attached, form an optionally substitutedheterocyclyl group.
 124. The compound of claim 116, wherein Y¹ isAk³NR^(N3)R^(N4).
 125. The compound of claim 116, wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₆alkylenyl.
 126. The compound of claim 116, wherein Ak³ is methylenyl orethylenyl.
 127. The compound of claim 116, wherein Z³ is H or alkyl.128. The compound of claim 116, wherein Z⁴ is H or alkyl.
 129. Thecompound of claim 116, wherein R^(g) is Y².
 130. The compound of claim116, wherein R^(h) is Y².
 131. The compound of claim 116, wherein Y² isNR^(N5)R^(N6).
 132. The compound of claim 116, wherein Y² isAk⁴NR^(N5)R^(N6).
 133. The compound of claim 116, wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₆alkylene.
 134. The compound of claim 116, wherein Ak⁴ is methylenyl,ethylenyl or 1,3-propylenyl.
 135. The compound of claim 8, having theformula:

wherein one of R^(d) and R^(e) is wherein Y¹ is Y¹ is NR^(N3)R^(N4) orAk³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ale is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N3) is H or asubstituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N3) and R^(R4)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents, and the other of R^(d) and R^(e) is H or asubstituent; and one of R^(f), R^(g) and R^(h) is Y², wherein Y² isNR^(N5)R^(N6) or Ak⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N5) is H or a substituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N5) and R^(N6) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents, and the other two of R^(f),R^(g) and R^(h) are independently H or a substituent.
 136. The compoundof claim 135, wherein R^(d) is Y¹.
 137. The compound of claim 135,wherein R^(e) is Y¹.
 138. The compound of claim 135, wherein Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4).
 139. The compound of claim 135, wherein R^(N3) is H,alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl substitued cycloalkyl, heterocyclylor substituted heterocyclyl.
 140. The compound of claim 135, whereinR^(N4) is alkyl.
 141. The compound of claim 135, wherein R^(N3) andR^(N4), together to the N to which they are attached, form an optionallysubstituted heterocyclyl group.
 142. The compound of claim 135, whereinY¹ is Ak³NR^(N3)R^(N4).
 143. The compound of claim 135, wherein Ak³ isC₁-C₆ alkylenyl.
 144. The compound of claim 135, wherein Ak³ ismethylenyl or ethylenyl.
 145. The compound of claim 135, wherein Z³ is Hor alkyl.
 146. The compound of claim 135, wherein Z⁴ is H or alkyl. 147.The compound of claim 135, wherein R^(f) is Y².
 148. The compound ofclaim 135, wherein R^(g) is Y².
 149. The compound of claim 135, whereinR^(h) is Y².
 150. The compound of claim 135, wherein Y² isNR^(N5)R^(N6).
 151. The compound of claim 135, wherein Y² isAk⁴NR^(N5)R^(N6).
 152. The compound of claim 135, wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₆alkylene.
 153. The compound of claim 135, wherein Ak⁴ is methylenyl,ethylenyl or 1,3-propylenyl.
 154. The compound of claim 8, having theformula:

wherein one of R^(d) and R^(e) is wherein Y¹ is Y¹ is NR^(N3)R^(N4) orAk³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N3) is H or asubstituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N3) and R^(R4)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents, and the other of R^(d) and R^(e) is H or asubstituent; and one of R^(g) and R^(h) is Y², wherein Y² isNR^(N5)R^(N6) or Ak⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N5) is H or a substituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N5) and R^(N6) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents, and the other of R^(g) andR^(h) is H or a substituent.
 155. The compound of claim 154, whereinR^(d) is Y¹.
 156. The compound of claim 154, wherein R^(e) is Y¹. 157.The compound of claim 154, wherein Y¹ is NR^(N3)R^(N4).
 158. Thecompound of claim 154, wherein R^(N3) is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl,cycloalkyl substitued cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or substitutedheterocyclyl.
 159. The compound of claim 154, wherein R^(N4) is alkyl.160. The compound of claim 154, wherein R^(N3) and R^(N4), together tothe N to which they are attached, form an optionally substitutedheterocyclyl group.
 161. The compound of claim 154, wherein Y¹ isAk³NR^(N3)R^(N4).
 162. The compound of claim 154, wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₆alkylenyl.
 163. The compound of claim 154, wherein Ak³ is methylenyl orethylenyl.
 164. The compound of claim 154, wherein Z³ is H or alkyl.165. The compound of claim 154, wherein Z⁴ is H or alkyl.
 166. Thecompound of claim 154, wherein R^(g) is Y².
 167. The compound of claim154, wherein R^(h) is Y².
 168. The compound of claim 154, wherein Y² isNR^(N5)R^(N6).
 169. The compound of claim 154, wherein Y² isAk⁴NR^(N5)R^(N6).
 170. The compound of claim 154, wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₆alkylene.
 171. The compound of claim 154, wherein Ak⁴ is methylenyl,ethylenyl or 1,3-propylenyl.
 172. The compound of claim 8, having theformula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(d) is H or asubstituent.
 173. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(d) is H or asubstituent; R^(f) is H or a substituent; R^(g) is H or a substituent.174. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(d) is H or asubstituent; R^(r) is H or a substituent.
 175. The compound of claim 8,having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(d) is H or asubstituent; R^(g) is H or a substituent.
 176. The compound of claim 8,having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(d) is H or asubstituent; R^(g) is H or a substituent; R^(h) is H or a substituent.177. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(d) is H or asubstituent; R^(f) is H or a substituent; R^(g) is H or a substituent.178. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(d) is H or asubstituent; R^(r) is H or a substituent; R^(g) is H or a substituent.179. The compound according to claim 8, having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(d) is H or asubstituent; R^(f) is H or a substituent.
 180. The compound of claim 8,having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(d) is H or asubstituent; and R^(g) is H or a substituent.
 181. The compound of claim8, having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(d) is H or asubstituent; R^(g) is H or a substituent; and R^(h) is H or asubstituent.
 182. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(d) is H or asubstituent; R^(r) is H or a substituent; R^(g) is H or a substituent183. The compound of claim 8 having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; RC is H or a substituent.
 184. The compound of claim8, having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; RC is H or a substituent; R^(f) is H or asubstituent; and R^(g) is H or a substituent.
 185. The compound of claim8, having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(f) is H or asubstituent; and R^(h) is H or a substituent.
 186. The compound of claim8, having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(g) is H or asubstituent; and R^(h) is H or a substituent.
 187. The compound of claim8, having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(g) is H or asubstituent.
 188. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(f) is H or asubstituent.
 189. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(f) is H or asubstituent; R^(g) is H or a substituent.
 190. The compound of claim 8,having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4) wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(f) is H or asubstituent; R^(h) is H or a substituent.
 191. The compound of claim 8,having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) or Ak⁴NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(g) is H or asubstituent; R^(h) is H or a substituent.
 192. The compound of claim 8,having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(R4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(g) is H or asubstituent.
 193. The compound of claim 8, having the formula:

wherein f is 0 or 1; Z³ is H or alkyl; Z⁴ is H or alkyl; Y¹ isNR^(N3)R^(N4) or Ak³-NR^(N3)R^(N4), wherein Ak³ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl,R^(N3) is H or a substituent, R^(N4) is H or a substituent, or togetherR^(N3) and R^(N4) form a cyclic moiety that is optionally furthersubstituted with one or more substituents; Y² is NR^(N5)N^(N6) orAk⁴-NR^(N5)N^(N6), wherein Ak⁴ is C₁-C₃ alkylenyl, R^(N5) is H or asubstituent, R^(N6) is H or a substituent, or together R^(N5) and R^(N6)form a cyclic moiety that is optionally further substituted with one ormore substituents; R^(c) is H or a substituent; R^(f) is H or asubstituent.
 194. The compound according to claim 8, having one of thefollowing structures:


195. A method comprising administering to a subject a compound of claim8.
 196. A method comprising administering to a subject an amount of thecompound according to claim 8 effective to reduce the viral load of HCVin the subject.
 197. A method of affecting HCV replication comprising:contacting a region of a HCV RNA with a composition, wherein said regionof the HCV RNA is region IIa of the HCV IRES; and affecting therebyreplication of said HCV.
 198. The method according to claim 197 whereinthe composition comprises a compound according to claim 8 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 199. The method according toclaim 197 wherein region IIa includes residues 52-65 and residues102-111 of the HCV RNA 5-UTR.
 200. A method of affecting HCV replicationcomprising: contacting a region IIa of a HCV RNA with a compositionhaving a binding affinity for said region of <50 μM; and affectingthereby replication of said HCV.
 201. The method according to claim 200wherein the composition comprises a compound according to claim 8 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 202. The method according toclaim 200 wherein the region is IIa of the HCV RNA 5-UTR and includesresidues 52-65 and residues 102-111 of the HCV RNA 5-UTR.
 203. A methodof affecting HCV replication in vitro comprising: contacting in vitro aregion of a HCV RNA with a composition having a binding affinity forsaid region of <50 μM, wherein said region of the HCV RNA is region IIaand has a stem secondary structure; and affecting thereby replication ofsaid HCV.
 204. The method according to claim 203 wherein the compositioncomprises a compound according to claim 8 or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof.
 205. A method of affecting HCV replication invivo comprising: contacting in vivo a region of a HCV RNA with acomposition having a binding affinity for said region of <50 μM, whereinsaid region of the HCV RNA is region IIa and includes residues 52-65 andresidues 102-111 of the HCV RNA 5-UTR; and affecting thereby replicationof said HCV.
 206. The method according to claim 205 wherein thecomposition comprises a compound according to claim 8 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 207. A method comprising:contacting a composition with a region of a HCV RNA wherein said regionof the HCV RNA is region IIa and has a stem secondary structure andincludes residues 52-65 and residues 102-111 of the HCV RNA 5-UTR; andquantifying said composition's affect on HCV replication.
 208. Themethod according to claim 207 wherein the composition comprises acompound according to claim 8 or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof.
 209. The method according to claim 207 wherein said contactingis in vivo.
 210. The method according to claim 207 wherein saidcontacting is in vitro.